Crizotinib Chemical Properties

Melting point:

192 °C

Boiling point:

599.2±50.0 °C(Predicted)

Density 

1.47±0.1 g/cm3(Predicted)

storage temp. 

room temp

solubility 

Soluble in DMSO (up to 25 mg/ml with warming) or in Ethanol (up to 25 mg/ml with warming)

form 

powder

pka

9.81±0.10(Predicted)

color 

white to tan

Stability:

Stable for 1 year from date of purchase as supplied. Solutions in DMSO or ethanol may be stored at -20°C for up to 2 months.

InChI

InChI=1S/C21H22Cl2FN5O/c1-12(19-16(22)2-3-17(24)20(19)23)30-18-8-13(9-27-21(18)25)14-10-28-29(11-14)15-4-6-26-7-5-15/h2-3,8-12,15,26H,4-7H2,1H3,(H2,25,27)/t12-/m1/s1

InChIKey

KTEIFNKAUNYNJU-GFCCVEGCSA-N

SMILES

C1(N)=NC=C(C2=CN(C3CCNCC3)N=C2)C=C1O[C@@H](C1=C(Cl)C=CC(F)=C1Cl)C

CAS DataBase Reference

877399-52-5

Safety Information

Safety Statements 

24/25

RIDADR 

UN 3077 9 / PGIII

WGK Germany 

3

HazardClass 

IRRITANT

HS Code 

29333990

Crizotinib Usage And Synthesis

Description

Crizotinib is an oral ALK/ROS1/MET/RON inhibitor approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Crizotinib is not only used for the treatment of ALK- or ROS1-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but also for the treatment of adult and paediatric patients 1 year of age and older with unresectable, relapsed or refractory inflammatory anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive interstitial myofibroblastic tumours (IMT). In addition, crizotinib has preclinical efficacy in the Philadelphia-chromosome negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) patient cells, JAK2 mutant cell lines, and JAK2 mutant mouse models. Crizotinib is recommended for the treatment of patients with MPN, particularly in the setting of JAK inhibitor resistance^[1].

Chemical Properties

Crizotinib is a white to pale-yellow powder with a pKa of 9.4 (piperidinium cation) and 5.6 (pyridinium cation). The solubility of crizotinib in aqueous media decreases over the range pH 1.6 to pH 8.2 from greater than 10 mg/mL to less than 0.1 mg/mL. The log of the distribution coefficient (octanol/water) at pH 7.4 is 1.65.

Originator

Pfizer (United States)

Uses

Crizotinib is a potent and selective dual inhibitor of mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-MET) kinase and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). Crizotinib is a potential antitumor agent. In August 2011, the United States FDA approved crizotinib for the treatment of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Definition

ChEBI: Crizotinib is a 3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, a biomarker and an EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor. It is an enantiomer of an ent-crizotinib.

Indications

Crizotinib (Xalkori(R), Pfizer), approved in 2011, was the first approved inhibitor targeting anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). ROS protooncogene 1-encoded kinase (ROS1) of the tyrosine kinase insulin receptor class and MET proto-oncogene-encoded kinase of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR) class are other kinases targeted by crizotinib.When approved in 2011, crizotinib was the first drug specifically targeting NSCLC patients. However, resistance to crizotinib was usually observed in approximately 8 months after initial application and more than half of crizotinib-treated patients experienced gastrointestinal side effects. In 2016,crizotinib was additionally approved for ROS1-positive NSCLC by FDA.

brand name

Xalkori

Biochem/physiol Actions

Crizotinib (PF-02341066) is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) c-Met (hepatocyte growth factor receptor) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). Crizotinib is a highly specific inhibitor of c-Met and ALK among > 120 different RTKs surveyed. Crizotinib was approved for treatment of a subtype of nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with ALK fusion mutations.

Clinical Use

More recent studies have shown that patients with MET amplification and no ALK rearrangement treated with crizotinib have responded well in NSCLC and squamous cell lung carcinoma.
Crizotinib is a potent and selective mesenchymal epithelial transition factor/anaplastic lymphoma kinase (cMET/ALK) inhibitor. Marketed under the brand name Xalkori, crizotinib was discovered and developed by Pfizer and is approved for the treatment of advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that is caused by the echinoderm microtubule associated proteinlike 4 (EML4) mutation of ALK. Crizotinib is also undergoing clinical evaluation against additional cancers which express the ALK mutation, such as advanced disseminated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma and neuroblastoma.

Side effects

crizotinib (Xalkori) is an oral receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of patients with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Common side effects with Xalkori use include upper respiratory infection, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, decreased appetite, insomnia, dizziness, tired feeling, diarrhea, constipation, rash or itching, cold symptoms (stuffy nose, sneezing, sore throat), numbness or tingling, or swelling in your hands or feet.
http://www.rxlist.com/xalkori-side-effects-drug-center.htm

Synthesis

Several synthetic routes for the preparation of crizotinib have been reported, each employing a very similar convergent strategy. The synthesis utilized to prepare over 100 kg is described in the scheme.

Mesylation of tert-butyl-4-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate (116) followed by displacement with 4-iodopyarazole (117) provided iodopyrazine 118 in 50¨C60% overall yield for the two steps. Reaction of iodide 118 with i-PrMgCl furnished the corresponding Grignard reagent, which was quenched with borolane 119 to give the arylboronate 120 in 70¨C80% yield after crystallization from ethanol/water. The Suzuki coupling partner of 120 (bromide 126) was prepared in several steps starting with enzymatic reduction of 2,6-dichloro-3-fluoroacetophenone (121) using an engineered ketoreductase process, providing alcohol 122 in 94% yield and in >99% ee. Mitsunobu reaction with 3-hydroxy-2-nitropyridine (123) provided nitropyridine 124 in 80¨C85% yield after crystallization from ethanol and with no loss in enantiopurity. Chemoselective reduction of the nitro group was accomplished through hydrogenation using 10% sponge-nickel catalyst to give amine 125 in 95% yield after crystallization from methanol. Regioselective bromination of 125 using NBS in CH3CN/CH2Cl2, followed by a bisulfate quench and Et3N wash (to purge residual succinimide) and subsequent crystallization from methanol provided Suzuki- Miyaura coupling partner 126 in 80¨C85% yield. Coupling of arylbromide 126 with arylboronate 120 was accomplished using 0.8 mol % PdCl2(dppf)CH2Cl2 as the catalyst, followed by treatment with cysteine on silica-alumina to purge residual palladium. Crystallization of the resulting mixture from heptanes provided the coupled product in 76¨C80% yield, which upon acid-promoted removal of the Boc protecting group and crystallization from CH3CN/H2O produced crizotinib (X) in 75¨C80% yield.

Drug interactions

Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
Analgesics: use alfentanil and fentanyl with caution. Antibacterials: concentration reduced by rifabutin and rifampicin - avoid; concentration increased by clarithromycin and telithromycin - avoid.
Antidepressants: St John’s wort may reduce concentration of crizotinib - avoid.
Antiepileptics: concentration possibly reduced by carbamazepine, fosphenytoin, phenobarbital and phenytoin - avoid.
Antifungals: concentration increased by ketoconazole and possibly with itraconazole and voriconazole - avoid.
Antipsychotics: avoid with clozapine (increased risk of agranulocytosis); avoid with pimozide.
Antivirals: concentration possibly increased by atazanavir, indinavir, ritonavir and saquinavir - avoid.
Anxiolytics and hypnotics: increases concentration of midazolam.
Ciclosporin: use with caution.
Cytotoxics: possibly increases ibrutinib concentration - reduce dose of ibrutinib.
Ergot alkaloids: use with caution.
Grapefruit juice: may increase concentration of crizotinib, avoid.
Oestrogens and progestogens: contraceptive effect possibly reduced - avoid.
Sirolimus: use with caution.
Tacrolimus: use with caution.

Metabolism

Mainly metabolised in the liver by CYP3A4/5. The main metabolic pathways are oxidation (to crizotinib lactam) and O-dealkylation.
Excreted 53% via faeces (53% unchanged) and 22% via urine (2% unchanged).

storage

Store at +4°C

Mode of action

Crizotinib is an inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases including ALK, Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor (HGFR, c-Met), and Recepteur d'Origine Nantais (RON). Translocations can affect the ALK gene resulting in the expression of oncogenic fusion proteins. The formation of ALK fusion proteins results in the activation and dysregulation of the gene's expression and signaling, which can contribute to increased cell proliferation and survival in tumors expressing these proteins. Crizotinib demonstrates concentration-dependent inhibition of ALK and c-Met phosphorylation in cell-based assays using tumor cell lines, and also demonstrates antitumor activity in mice bearing tumor xenografts that express EML4-or NPM-ALK fusion proteins or c-Met.Crizotinib is a multitargeted small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which had been originally developed as an inhibitor of the mesenchymal epithelial transition growth factor (c-MET); it is also a potent inhibitor of ALK phosphorylation and signal transduction. This inhibition is associated with G1-S phase cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis in positive cells in vitro and in vivo. Crizotinib also inhibits the related ROS1 receptor tyrosine kinase.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3876666/

References

[1] GURSKA L M, OKABE R, SCHURER A, et al. Crizotinib has Preclinical Efficacy in Philadelphia-negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms.[J]. Clinical cancer research?: an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 2022. DOI:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-1763.

References

[1] zou hy1, li q, lee jh, arango me, mcdonnell sr, yamazaki s, koudriakova tb, alton g, cui jj, kung pp, nambu md, los g, bender sl,mroczkowski b, christensen jg. an orally available small-molecule inhibitor of c-met, pf-2341066, exhibits cytoreductive antitumor efficacy through antiproliferative and antiangiogenic mechanisms. cancer res. 2007 may 1;67(9):4408-17.

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