Anidulafungin Chemical Properties

Melting point:

>196°C (subl.)

Boiling point:

1477.0±65.0 °C(Predicted)

Density 

1.47±0.1 g/cm3(Predicted)

storage temp. 

under inert gas (nitrogen or Argon) at 2-8°C

solubility 

DMSO (Slightly, Heated), Methanol (Slightly)

pka

9.86±0.26(Predicted)

form 

Solid

color 

White to Pale Beige

Anidulafungin Usage And Synthesis

Description

Anidulafungin, a semi-synthetic derivative of echinocandin B, has been developed and launched as an intravenous treatment for serious fungal infections, such as candidemia, Candida-derived peritonitis, intra-abdominal abscesses, and esophageal candidiasis. As a non-competitive inhibitor of 1,3-b-D-glucan synthase, which is responsible for the formation of glucan polymers, anidulafungin interferes with the cell wall synthesis of most pathogenic fungi. This mode of action is characteristic of the echinocandin class of antifungals. While the first member of this class, cilofungin, was withdrawn due to toxicity associated with the formulation vehicle, anidulafungin follows the successful introduction of caspofungin and micafungin. Compared to the other echinocandins, anidulafungin appears to be more potent (MIC90 ofr0.25 mg/mL for C.albicans, 0.5 mg/mL for C.glabrata, 1 mg/mL for C. krusel and C.tropicalis, 2mg/mL for C.lusitaniae, and 2 mg/mL for Aspergillus spp) and is devoid of significant drug interactions since it is neither an inhibitor nor substrate of the cytochrome P450 isoenzymes. The emergence of the echinocandins circumvents the concern regarding the rising resistance to the azole and amphotericin B antifungals; no cross-resistance is expected because the echinocandins work at the cell wall rather than the cell membrane.

Originator

Eli Lilly (US)

Uses

nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) for HIV treatment in adults

Uses

Anidulafungin is a semi-synthetic cyclic lipopeptide belonging to the echinocandin class that was reported in 1995 and commercially developed by Eli Lilly. Anidulafungin inhibits the synthesis of β-(1,3)-D-glucan, an essential component of the cell wall of susceptible fungi and is extensively referenced in the literature with over 400 citations.

Definition

ChEBI: A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.

brand name

Eraxis (Vicuron).

Antimicrobial activity

It is active against Aspergillus spp., Candida spp. and the cyst stage of Pneumocystis jirovecii. Resistance has not yet been reported.

Pharmaceutical Applications

A semisynthetic lipopeptide derived from a fermentation product of Aspergillus nidulans. Formulated for intravenous infusion.

Pharmacokinetics

C_max 100 mg 1-h infusion: c. 9 mg/L end infusion
Plasma half-life: 18–27 h
Volume of distribution: 0.6 L/kg
Plasma protein binding: 84%
Blood concentrations increase in proportion to dosage. The steady state is achieved on the first day after a loading dose (twice the daily maintenance dose).
Distribution
Levels in the CSF are negligible.
Metabolism and excretion
Unlike caspofungin and micafungin, anidulafungin is not metabolized by the liver, but undergoes slow non-enzymatic degradation in the blood to a peptide breakdown product which is enzymatically degraded and excreted in the feces and bile. About 30% of a dose is eliminated in the feces, of which less than 10% is unchanged drug. Less than 1% of a dose is excreted in the urine. No dosage adjustment is required in patients with hepatic or renal impairment. Anidulafungin is not cleared by hemodialysis.

Clinical Use

Candidemia and certain invasive forms of candidosis
Esophageal candidosis

Side effects

Occasional histamine-mediated infusion-related reactions, injection site reactions and transient abnormalities of liver enzymes have been reported.

Metabolism

Hepatic metabolism of anidulafungin has not been observed. Anidulafungin is not a clinically relevant substrate, inducer, or inhibitor of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes.
Anidulafungin undergoes slow chemical degradation at physiologic temperature and pH to a ring-opened peptide that lacks antifungal activity. The ring-opened product is subsequently converted to peptidic degradants and eliminated mainly through biliary excretion. In a single-dose clinical study, radiolabelled [14C]-anidulafungin (~88 mg) was administered to healthy subjects. Approximately 30% of the administered radioactive dose was eliminated in the faeces over 9 days, of which less than 10% was intact drug. Less than 1% of the administered radioactive dose was excreted in the urine, indicating negligible renal clearance.

References

[1] zhanel gg1, karlowsky ja, harding ga, balko tv, zelenitsky sa, friesen m, kabani a, turik m, hoban dj. in vitro activity of a new semisynthetic echinocandin, ly-303366, against systemic isolates of candida species, cryptococcus neoformans, blastomyces dermatitidis, and aspergillus species. antimicrob agents chemother. 1997 apr;41(4):863-5.

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