Diquat dibromide Property

Melting point:

337°C

Density 

1.25

vapor pressure 

0Pa at 25℃

refractive index 

1.6800 (estimate)

storage temp. 

-20°C

solubility 

DMSO (Slightly), Water (Slightly)

form 

Crystals

color 

Pale yellow

Water Solubility 

Soluble. 70 g/100 mL

Exposure limits

TLV-TWA 0.5 mg/m³ (ACGIH and MSHA).

Stability:

Hygroscopic

LogP

-4.6 at 20℃

CAS DataBase Reference

85-00-7(CAS DataBase Reference)

EPA Substance Registry System

Diquat dibromide (85-00-7)

Safety

Hazard Codes 

T

Risk Statements 

21-25

Safety Statements 

36/37-45

RIDADR 

UN 2781/2811

HazardClass 

6.1(a)

PackingGroup 

II

Hazardous Substances Data

85-00-7(Hazardous Substances Data)

Toxicity

LC50 (96-hour) for rainbow trout 21 mg/L, mirror carp 67 mg/L (Worthing and Hance, 1991), fathead minnow 14 mg/L, largemouth bass 7.8 mg/L (Surber and Pickering, 1962), bluegill sun?sh 35 mg/L, walleye 2.1 mg/L (Gilderhus, 1967) and striped bass 0.25 ppm (Wellborn, 1969); LC50 (96-hour) for northern pike 16 mg/L, rainbow trout 11.2 mg/L (Gilderhus, 1967); acute oral LD50 for rats is 230 mg/kg (Ashton and Monaco, 1991), 120 mg/kg (RTECS, 1985).

Hazard and Precautionary Statements (GHS)

Symbol(GHS)

Signal word

Danger

Hazard statements

H302Harmful if swallowed

H315Causes skin irritation

H317May cause an allergic skin reaction

H319Causes serious eye irritation

H330Fatal if inhaled

H335May cause respiratory irritation

H372Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure

H410Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects

Precautionary statements

P260Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.

P261Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.

P264Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

P264Wash skin thouroughly after handling.

P270Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.

P271Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.

P272Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace.

P273Avoid release to the environment.

P280Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.

P284Wear respiratory protection.

P301+P312IF SWALLOWED: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician IF you feel unwell.

P302+P352IF ON SKIN: wash with plenty of soap and water.

P304+P340IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and Keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.

P305+P351+P338IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continuerinsing.

P310Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.

P314Get medical advice/attention if you feel unwell.

P320Specific treatment is urgent (see … on this label).

P321Specific treatment (see … on this label).

P330Rinse mouth.

P332+P313IF SKIN irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention.

P333+P313IF SKIN irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention.

P362Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse.

P363Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.

P391Collect spillage. Hazardous to the aquatic environment

P403+P233Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.

P405Store locked up.

P501Dispose of contents/container to..…

Diquat dibromide Chemical Properties,Usage,Production

Description

Diquat (DQ) is a bipyridyl herbicide that has been in use since the 1950s. It is employed as a general use herbicide that is fast acting and nonselective. Additionally, on average, 90% of DQ consumption is reported in North America, Europe, Australia, and Japan.

Chemical Properties

Pale yellow crystals; forms monohydrate; mp320°C (608 °F) (decomposes); readily solublein water, insoluble in organic solvents; stablein acids or neutral solution.

Uses

DQ is used in a manner similar to paraquat. It is found predominantly as a mixture with paraquat, sold as Weedol and Pathclear. The most widely used formulation of DQ alone, Reglone, is an aqueous solution containing 200 g l-1 DQ dibromide. Besides the use as a general weed control agent on noncrop land, DQ is used as a preharvest desiccant on crops such as cotton, flax, and alfalfa. Additionally, almost one-third of all DQ sold is used to control emergent and subemergent aquatic weeds.

Uses

Diquat Dibromide is a herbicidal desiccant.

Uses

Nonselective contact herbicide used to control broad-leaved weeds in fruit and vegetable crops.

Health Hazard

The acute toxicity of diquat dibromide ismoderate to high in most species. In domes-tic animals, its toxicity is greater than thatin small laboratory animals. The oral LD50value in cows, dogs, rabbits, and mice is30, 187, 188, and 233 mg/kg, respectively.The symptoms of acute toxicity are somnolence, lethargy, pupillary dilation, and respiratory distress. Prolonged exposure to thiscompound produced cataracts in experimental animals. Intratracheal administration ofdiquat dibromide in rats showed toxic effectsin the lung and caused lung damage (Manabeand Ogata 1986). But when administered byoral or intravenous routes, there was no toxiceffect on the lung.

Flammability and Explosibility

Not classified

Safety Profile

Poison by ingestion, subcutaneous, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes. Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. A skin and eye irritant. Human mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of NOx, and Br-. See also PARAQUAT

Environmental Fate

Biological. Under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, the rate of diquat mineralization in eutrophic water and sediments was very low. After 65 days, only 0.88 and 0.21% of the applied amount (5 μg/mL) evolved as carbon dioxide (Simsiman and Chesters, 1976). Diquat is readily mineralized to carbon dioxide in nutrient solutions containing microorganisms. The addition of montmorillonite clay in an amount equal to adsorb one-half of the diquat decreased the amount of carbon dioxide by 50%. Additions of kaolinite clay had no effect on the amount of diquat degraded by microorganisms (Weber and Coble, 1968).
Photolytic. Diquat has an absorption maximum of 310 nm (Slade and Smith, 1967). The sunlight irradiation of a diquat solution (0.4 mg/100 mL) yielded 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro1-oxopyrido[1,2-a]-5-pyrazinium chloride (TOPPS) as the principal metabolite.
Chemical/Physical. Decomposes at 320°C (Windholz et al., 1983) emitting toxic fumes of bromides and nitrogen oxides (Lewis, 1990). Diquat absorbs water forming wellde?ned, pale yellow crystalline hydrate (Calderbank and Slade, 1976).
In aqueous alkaline solutions, diquat decomposes forming complex colored products including small amounts of dipyridone (Calderbank and Slade, 1976).

Toxicity evaluation

DQ is a dipyridyl compound that is capable of redox cycling. DQ can become reduced to produce a free radical. It can then transfer this electron to molecular oxygen to yield superoxide anion. This redox cycling mechanism allows DQ to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in oxidative stress, damage to cellular macromolecules and even cell death. Due to its standard redox potential (E0), DQ is more likely to accept an electron compared to paraquat. Because of this property, DQ is expected to generate greater amounts of ROS compared to paraquat at equivalent concentrations. In vitro studies have shown that DQ is dependent on mitochondrial complex I and III in isolated mitochondria and primarily complex III in midbrain neuronal cultures for ROS production. DQ treatment can lead to NADPH depletion, lipid peroxidation, alteration in intracellular redox status, and liberation of ferritin-bound iron stores.