Discovery Structure Gene, mRNA, and precursor Synthesis and release Biological functions Clinical implications
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CAERULEIN

Discovery Structure Gene, mRNA, and precursor Synthesis and release Biological functions Clinical implications
Product Name
CAERULEIN
CAS No.
17650-98-5
Chemical Name
CAERULEIN
Synonyms
CERULETIDE;CERULEIN;FI-6934;Ceosunin;CAERULEIN;Caerulein (~90%);Ceruletide, >99%;CAERULEIN 500 UG;CAERULEIN SULFATED;CAERULEIN USP/EP/BP
CBNumber
CB2384634
Molecular Formula
C58H73N13O21S2
Formula Weight
1352.4
MOL File
17650-98-5.mol
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CAERULEIN Property

Melting point:
224-226° (dec)
alpha 
D20 -26° (c = 1 in DMF)
Density 
1.464±0.06 g/cm3(Predicted)
storage temp. 
Sealed in dry,Store in freezer, under -20°C
solubility 
0.05 M ammonium hydroxide: 1 mg/mL, clear, colorless
pka
-4.17±0.18(Predicted)
form 
Solid
color 
White to Off-White
Water Solubility 
Soluble to 1 mg/ml in water
Merck 
13,2015
BRN 
5422487
InChIKey
YRALAIOMGQZKOW-HYAOXDFASA-N
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Safety

WGK Germany 
3
10-21
HS Code 
2935909099
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Hazard and Precautionary Statements (GHS)

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N-Bromosuccinimide Price

Sigma-Aldrich
Product number
C9026
Product name
Caerulein
Purity
≥95% (HPLC)
Packaging
0.1mg
Price
$118
Updated
2024/03/01
Sigma-Aldrich
Product number
C9026
Product name
Caerulein
Purity
≥95% (HPLC)
Packaging
0.5MG
Price
$346
Updated
2024/03/01
Sigma-Aldrich
Product number
C9026
Product name
Caerulein
Purity
≥95% (HPLC)
Packaging
1MG
Price
$515
Updated
2024/03/01
Alfa Aesar
Product number
J64320
Product name
Caerulein, sulfated
Packaging
1mg
Price
$190
Updated
2023/06/20
Alfa Aesar
Product number
J64320
Product name
Caerulein, sulfated
Packaging
0.5mg
Price
$96.4
Updated
2021/12/16
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CAERULEIN Chemical Properties,Usage,Production

Discovery

Caerulein is a peptide secreted from the skin of frogs. Caerulein shares the conserved C-terminal sequence that is responsible for receptor activation with vertebrate gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK), and functions as their agonist. Caerulein was first described in a number of Australian amphibians as a polypeptide that stimulates pancreatic external secretion and elicits a decrease in blood pressure and extravascular smooth muscle contraction in mammals. Caerulein was first purified from the Australian tree frog Hyla caerulea in 1967.

Structure

Caerulein is a decapeptide that contains the C-terminal four aa sequence (Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2) that is conserved in the vertebrate gastrin and CCK. A pyroglutamate residue is present in the N-terminus, and a C-terminal phenylalanine residue is amidated. Caerulein possesses a sulfated tyrosine at the seventh residue from the C-terminus.  Two caerulein precursors, preproCPF-St6 and preproCPF-St7, have been reported in the western clawed frog Silurana tropicalis. The precursor contains a signal peptide, an antimicrobial peptide called a caerulein precursor fragment (CPF), and mature caerulein. Caerulein has been identified in various frog species, including Xenopus laevis, Litoria splendida, and Hylambates maculatus. Sauvage’s leaf frog, Phyllomedusa sauvagei, possesses a caerulein-like nonapeptide called phyllocaerulein. These peptides share the C-terminal four aa sequence. Caerulein 1.2 of the magnificent tree frog, Litoria splendida, does not have the consensus 4-aa sequence (Trp-Phe-Asn-Phe-NH2). Mr: H. caerulea caerulein, 1352. Caerulein is soluble in DMSO, but insoluble in acetone and diethyl ether.
 

Gene, mRNA, and precursor

In S. tropicalis, two caerulein precursor genes have been identified, and they have a four-exon structure. Two caerulein mRNAs are 428 and 418 bases in length and encode precursors of 98 and 91 aa residues, respectively.

Synthesis and release

In X. laevis, a caerulein-like substance is released in response to adrenaline treatment. This substance stimulates the contraction of the guinea pig gall bladder and pancreatic secretions in rats. Amino acid analysis of the secreted substance shows a similar aa composition to that of caerulein. Seasonal changes in caerulein synthesis have been reported. For example, L. splendida synthesizes caerulein during the reproductive season in summer. In winter, the synthesis of caerulein is less active. Also, the desulfated form of caerulein increases and caerulein 1.2, which has relatively low biological activity, is released.

Biological functions

Treatment of the outside of frog skin with caerulein results in an influx of sodium ions while treatment of the inside of frog skin represses sodium ion influx. These results suggest that caerulein is associated with the maintenance of sodium ion levels in the dermal cells. In addition, preprocaerulein contains antimicrobial CRF, and caerulein can affect gastrin and CCK signaling in other animals. These suggest that CRF and caerulein may function as defensive peptides against microbes and predators in the frog.

Clinical implications

Caerulein is used to generate rodent models of pancreatitis. Caerulein acts as an agonist of CCK1R and CCK2R because of its structural similarity to gastrin and CCK. Treatment with a high dose of caerulein induces the secretion of pancreatic juice and results in acute pancreatitis in rodents.

Originator

Ceosunin,Kyowa Hakko,Japan,1976

Uses

Caerulein is a ten amino acid oligopeptide that stimulates smooth muscle and increases digestive secretions. It is similar in action and composition to cholecystokinin. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction. It is used to induce pancreatitis in experimental animal models.

Uses

Stimulant (gastric secretory).

Definition

ChEBI: A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointes inal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.

Manufacturing Process

The tetrapeptide, L-pyroglutamyl-L-glutaminyl-L-aspartyl-L-tyrosine-azide (I), is condensed with the hexapeptide, L-threonyl-glycyl-L-tryptophanyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide (II), having the hydroxyl of the threonyl radical blocked by an acyl radical in a suitable solvent, such as dimethylformamide, to obtain the decapeptide, L-pyroglutamyl-L-glutaminyl-L-aspartyl-L-tyrosyl-L-threonylglycyl-L-tryptophanyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-Lphenylaninamide (III) having the hydroxy group of the threonyl radical blocked by an acyl radical. The decapeptide (III) is treated, at low temperature, with the complex anhydrous pyridine sulfuric anhydride finally to obtain the decapeptide, L-pyroglutamyl-L-glutaminyl-L-aspartyl-L-tyrosyl-L-threonyl-glycyl-L-tryptophanyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide (IV) having the phenolic group of the tyrosyl radical protected by a sulfate radical and the hydroxyl of the threonyl radical protected by an acyl radical.
Finally, by mild alkaline hydrolysis of the decapeptide (IV) one obtains the decapeptide product.

Therapeutic Function

Stimulant (gastric secretory)

Hazard

A poison.

Safety Profile

A poison by subcutaneous route. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic vapors of NOx and SOx

storage

Store at -20°C

CAERULEIN Preparation Products And Raw materials

Raw materials

Preparation Products

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View Lastest Price from CAERULEIN manufacturers

Cellmano Biotech Limited
Product
Caerulein, 17650-98-5
Price
US $500.00/mg
Min. Order
10mg
Purity
95% HPLC
Supply Ability
10g
Release date
2019-09-20
Hebei Mojin Biotechnology Co., Ltd
Product
CAERULEIN 17650-98-5
Price
US $0.00/KG
Min. Order
1KG
Purity
99%
Supply Ability
50000KG/month
Release date
2023-09-28
Career Henan Chemical Co
Product
CAERULEIN 17650-98-5
Price
US $8.80/KG
Min. Order
1KG
Purity
97%-99%
Supply Ability
100kg
Release date
2019-07-04

17650-98-5, CAERULEINRelated Search:


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  • 17650-98-5
  • C58H73N13O21S2
  • Amino Acids and Peptides
  • BioChemical
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  • Peptides
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  • peptide