Salbutamol Property

Melting point:

157-160℃

Boiling point:

381.97°C (rough estimate)

Density 

1.0700 (rough estimate)

refractive index 

1.4800 (estimate)

storage temp. 

2-8°C

solubility 

Sparingly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol (96 per cent).

pka

pKa 9.07(H2O t = 25.0±0.05 I = 0.10) (Uncertain);10.37(H2O t = 25.0±0.05 I = 0.10) (Uncertain)

form 

Solid

color 

White

Water Solubility 

17.95g/L(25 ºC)

Merck 

13,215

BRN 

6405698

BCS Class

3

Stability:

Stable, but light sensitive. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

InChIKey

NDAUXUAQIAJITI-UHFFFAOYSA-N

LogP

0.64

CAS DataBase Reference

18559-94-9(CAS DataBase Reference)

EPA Substance Registry System

1,3-Benzenedimethanol, .alpha.1-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]methyl]-4-hydroxy- (18559-94-9)

Safety

Hazard Codes 

Xn,T,F

Risk Statements 

22-39/23/24/25-23/24/25-11

Safety Statements 

36-45-36/37-16-7

RIDADR 

3249

WGK Germany 

3

RTECS 

ZE4400000

HazardClass 

6.1(b)

PackingGroup 

III

HS Code 

2922504500

Hazardous Substances Data

18559-94-9(Hazardous Substances Data)

Hazard and Precautionary Statements (GHS)

Symbol(GHS)

Signal word

Warning

Hazard statements

H302Harmful if swallowed

H317May cause an allergic skin reaction

H319Causes serious eye irritation

H412Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects

Precautionary statements

P261Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.

P273Avoid release to the environment.

P280Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.

P301+P312IF SWALLOWED: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician IF you feel unwell.

P302+P352IF ON SKIN: wash with plenty of soap and water.

P305+P351+P338IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continuerinsing.

Salbutamol Chemical Properties,Usage,Production

Description

Salbutamol(18559-94-9) is a short-acting, selective β2-adrenergic receptor agonist. Like other β2-adrenergic receptor drugs that are breathed in through the mouth, salbutamol can relax the muscles in the lung and open the bronchial tubes to relieve breathing difficulty. They relieve cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, and troubled breathing by increasing the flow of air through the bronchial tubes.
Salbutamol(18559-94-9) is generally used to treat or prevent bronchospasm caused by bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, and other chronic bronchopulmonary disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD). It is also used prevent wheezing caused by exercise (exercise induced bronchospasm).
It is marketed as Airomir?; AirSalb?; Asmasal Clickhaler?; Asmavent?; Easyhaler? Salbutamol; Pulvinal? Salbutamol; Salamol?; Salbulin?; Ventolin?.

References

[1] https://www.drugbank.ca
[2] https://www.drugs.com

Description

Albuterol is a β2-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine with pharmacological similarities to terbutaline. It has almost no effect on β1-adrenoreceptors of the heart. It has expressed broncholytic effects—prevention or relief of bronchi spasms, lowering respiratory tract resistance, and increasing the vital capacity of the lungs.

Chemical Properties

solid

Originator

Ventolin ,Allen and Hanburys ,UK ,1969

Uses

immune suppressant, antineoplastic, antiviral

Uses

short-acting b2-adrenergic agonist, asthma therapeutic

Uses

Albuterol is widely used for severe and chronic bronchial asthma and other illnesses of the respiratory tract that result in a spastic condition of the bronchi.

Definition

ChEBI: A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Manufacturing Process

(a) α1-Benzyl-tert-butylaminomethyl-4-hydroxym-xylene-α1,α3-diol: 3.0 g of 5-(N-benzyl-N-tert-butylglycyl)-salicylic acid methyl ester hydrochloride in 40 ml of water was basified with sodium bicarbonate solution and extracted into ether. The ethereal solution was dried over MgSO4 and evaporated and the basic residue in 20 ml of dry tetrahydrofuran was added with stirring to 1.0 g of lithium aluminum hydride in 100 ml of dry tetrahydrofuran, over a period of 5 minutes. The light gelatinous precipitate that formed was stirred and refluxed for 8 hours after which time 7 ml of water was carefully added and the solvents were removed under reduced pressure.
The residue was acidified with dilute hydrochloric acid and brought to pH 8 with sodium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate and orange solid were separately extracted with chloroform. The combined, dried, chloroform solutions were evaporated to give 22 g of the crude basic triol as an orange solid, when triturated with ether. A portion of the material was recrystallized from ether/light petroleum (BP 40-60°C) to give a white solid, MP 109-111°C.
In an alternative process, sodium borohydride was used as the reducing agent, as follows:
36 g of 2-(benzyl-tert-butylamino)-4'-hydroxy-3'-hydroxymethyl acetophenone, hydrochloride was shaken with 100 ml of 10% sodium carbonate solution and 100 ml of ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layer was separated, washed with water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated in vacuum.
The residual gum was dissolved in 360 ml of ethanol and cooled to 15°C in an ice/water bath, 8 g of sodium borohydride was then added in portions over 30 minutes while maintaining the temperature at 15-20°C. After a further 30 minutes at 20°C the solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The solution was again cooled in ice and 250 ml of 2 N sulfuric acid were slowly added, then the solution was evaporated in vacuum until the ethanol had been removed. The clear aqueous solution was then treated with 250 ml of 10% sodium carbonate solution and the oil which precipitated was extracted into ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layer was washed with sodium carbonate solution, then with water, and was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated in vacuum, to a small volume. Petroleum ether (BP 40-60°C) was added, and after standing overnight a white solid was obtained. This was filtered off to give 23 g of the product, MP 110-114°C.
(b) α1-tert-Butylaminomethyl-4-hydroxy-m-xylene-α1,α3-diol: 0.8 g of α1- benzyl-tert-butyl-aminomethyl-4-hydroxy-m-xylene-α1,α3-diol in 20 ml of ethanol and 2 ml of water was shaken with hydrogen in presence of 0.50 g of pre-reduced 10% palladium on charcoal catalyst. When uptake of hydrogen was complete, the solution was filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure to give 0,4 g of the base as a colorless oil which yielded a white solid, MP 144-145°C when triturated with ether/cyclohexane. Recrystallization from ethyl acetate-cyclohexane gave a white solid, MP 147-149°C.

brand name

Proventil (Schering); Ventolin (GlaxoSmithKline).

Therapeutic Function

Bronchodilator

Biological Functions

Levalbuterol is the R-(–)-isomer of albuterol and is available only in solution to be administered via nebulizer. Because it is the active isomer, the dose is fourfold less than that of albuterol. Pirbuterol is the pyridine isostere of albuterol. It has pharmacokinetics similar to albuterol but is half as potent at the β2-receptor. Pirbuterol is only available as an inhaler, whereas albuterol comes in tablet, syrup, solution, and aerosol formulations.

Synthesis Reference(s)

Synthesis, p. 966, 1988 DOI: 10.1055/s-1988-27768

General Description

Standard for Supelco MIP SPE cartridges. For more information request Supelco Literature T407075, T706019, T706030, T706020. Salbutamol is classified under the β-agonist group of chemicals which are known to possess powerful pharmacological activities.

Biochem/physiol Actions

β2-adrenoceptor agonist

Clinical Use

Albuterol has the N-t-butyl and a salicyl alcohol phenyl ring, which gives it optimal β2-selectivity. It is resistant to COMT and slowly metabolized by MAO, giving it good oral bioavailability. Its onset by inhalation is within 5 minutes, with a duration of action between 4 and 8 hours. It currently is the drug of choice for relief of the acute bronchospasm of an asthmatic attack.

Side effects

Adverse effects of pirbuterol are nervousness, tremor, and headache, which is less than the profile for albuterol, which adds nausea, vomiting, dizziness, hypertension, insomnia, tachycardia, and palpitations.

Synthesis

Albuterol, 2-tert-butylamino-1-(4-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethylphenyl)ethanol (11.1.26), basically differs from all of the aforementioned sympathomimetics in that the hydroxyl group at C3 of the aromatic ring is replaced with a hydroxymethyl group. It is synthesized in two ways. According to the first, it is prepared from 4-hydroxyacetophenone, the chloromethylation of which gives 4-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethylacetophenone (11.1.20). This is acetylated into a diacetyl derivative (11.1.21), which is further brominated into the corresponding bromoacetophenone (11.1.22). Reacting this with N-benzylN-tert-butylamine gives a derivative of aminoacetophenone (11.1.23), the acetyl group of which is hydrolyzed by hydrochloric acid, and the resulting product (11.1.24) undergoes a reduction?afirst by sodium borohydride for transforming the keto group into a hydroxyl group to give 11.1.25, and then by hydrogenation over a palladium catalyst for removing the benzyl-protecting group, giving albuterol (11.1.26) [26¨C30].

Environmental Fate

Tachycardia occurs as a reflex to the drop in mean arterial pressure (MAP) or as a result of b-1 stimulus. b-Adrenergic receptors in the locus coeruleus also regulate norepinephrineinduced inhibitory effects, resulting in agitation, restlessness, and hand tremor. Stimulation of nonpulmonary b2 receptors may lead to an increase in heart rate, QTc interval prolongation, nonspecific T-wave changes, skeletal muscle tremor, and slight increases in blood glucose and nonesterified fatty acids. Hypokalemia is more pronounced in patients receiving intravenous albuterol. Hypotension is also known to occur mostly in overdose. The buildup of cyclic AMP in the liver stimulates glycogenolysis and an increase in serum glucose.
In skeletal muscle, this process results in increased lactate production. Direct stimulus of sodium/potassium ATPase in skeletal muscle produces a shift of potassium from the extracellular space to the intracellular space. Relaxation of smooth muscle produces a dilation of the vasculature supplying skeletal muscle, which results in a drop in diastolic and MAP.Myocardial ischemia and infarction have been associated with excessive tachycardia in elderly patients. The skin may be warm and pink with evidence of diaphoresis.

Toxicity evaluation

Albuterol’s production and use as a bronchodilator may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams.