ALRESTATIN Property

Melting point:

266-267 °C

Boiling point:

512.7±33.0 °C(Predicted)

Density 

1.511±0.06 g/cm3(Predicted)

storage temp. 

Sealed in dry,2-8°C

solubility 

DMSO : 50 mg/mL (195.90 mM; Need ultrasonic)H2O : < 0.1 mg/mL (insoluble)

form 

White crystalline solid.

pka

3.61±0.10(Predicted)

color 

White to off-white

Hazard and Precautionary Statements (GHS)

Symbol(GHS)

Signal word

Warning

Hazard statements

H302Harmful if swallowed

H315Causes skin irritation

H319Causes serious eye irritation

H335May cause respiratory irritation

Precautionary statements

P261Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.

P280Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.

P301+P312IF SWALLOWED: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician IF you feel unwell.

P302+P352IF ON SKIN: wash with plenty of soap and water.

P305+P351+P338IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continuerinsing.

ALRESTATIN Chemical Properties,Usage,Production

Originator

Alrestatin,BIOMOL

Uses

Alrestatin is an inhibitor of aldose reductase and has been shown to display inhibitory activity on aldose reductase prepared and purified from the human brain.

Uses

Enzyme inhibitor (aldose reductase).

Manufacturing Process

1,3-Dioxo-1H-benz[de]isoquinoline-2(3H)-acetic acid:
1,8-Naphthalic acid anhydride (110 g, 0.556 mole), glycine (48 g, 0.64 mole) and dimethylformamide (750 ml) are heated and stirred at reflux for 2 hr. The homogeneous dark solution is cooled to about 100°C and 750 ml of hot water is added slowly to the stirred solution. The reaction mixture is cooled and allowed to stand in a refrigerator for 16 hr. The precipitate is collected and recrystallized from ethanol, using decolorizing charcoal, to give the title compound, MP: 271°-272°C.
In practice it is usually used as sodium salt.

Therapeutic Function

Aldose reductase inhibitor

Biological Activity

Specific inhibitor of aldose reductase (IC 50 = 148 μ M). Attenuates glucose-induced angiotensin II production in rat vascular smooth muscle in vitro .

Enzyme inhibitor

This aldose reductase inhibitor and drug (FWfree-acid = 255.23 g/mol; CAS 51411-04-2), also known as 1,3-dioxo-1H-benz[de]isoquinoline-2(3H)- acetic acid) suppresses diabetes-associated, osmotic cell and tissue damage by inhibiting aldose reduction and thereby reducing the accumulation intracellular sorbitol. Primary Mode of Action of Aldose Reductase Inhibitors: A major cause of diabetic neuropathy is the intraneural osmotic pressure that builds up as a consequence of the over-accumulation of sorbitol, a polyol formed by aldose reductase (Reaction: Glucose + NADPH ? Sorbitol + NADP+ + H+). Similar considerations apply to cataract formation in the lens, another tissue rich in aldose reductase. In diabetes, aldose reductase activity increases as the concentration of glucose rises in the lens, peripheral nerves and glomerulus (tissues that are insulininsensitive); because sorbitol lacks a membrane carrier, its contributes to intracellular osmotic pressure, disrupting cell-cell interactions (especially synapses), eventually leading to retinopathy and neuropathy. The additive effects of aldose reductase (AR) and polyol dehydrogenase in producing sorbitol from glucose and fructose, acting in combination with agedependent decreased hexokinase is believed to account for diabetic cataract formation in human lenses under high glucose stress. AR’s Km for glucose of AR is roughly 200 mM, whereas its Km for NADPH is 0.06 mM. NADP inhibits human lens AR noncompetitively and has a K1 that is roughly equal to the Km for NADPH. Notably. The Km for fructose is 40 mM and that for NADH is 0.02 mM in the polyol dehydrogenase (PD) reaction. Therefore, although sorbitol formation is modest during normoglycemia, such is not the case for diabetic hyperglycemia. Moreover, the recent increased reliance on high-fructose corn syrup as a sweetener is problematic, in that glucose-sensing mechanisms in humans are largely unresponsive to fructose. Because sorbitol is not transported out of the lens, any increase in intracellular sortbitol must be compensated osmotically by the considerable uptake of water, a well-characterized cataractogenic event. By inhibiting sorbitol dehydrogenase, alrestatin lowers tha undesirable net accumulatrion of sorbitol during hyperglycemic episodes. At high enough concentrations, alrestatin also inhibits PD. Target(s): aldose reductase, or aldehyde reductase; 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase; carbonyl reductase; succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase; polyol dehydrogenase, weakly inhibited, except at elevated concentrations; hexonate dehydrogenase, or glucuronate reductase.