D(+)-Trehalose dihydrate Property

Melting point:

97-99 °C(lit.)

alpha 

179 º (c=2, H2O)

Boiling point:

115.3 °C

refractive index 

181 ° (C=7, H2O)

FEMA 

4600 | TREHALOSE, DIHYDRATE

storage temp. 

room temp

solubility 

H₂O: 50 mg/mL

form 

powder

color 

White to Off-White

optical activity

[α]20/D +179±3°, c = 2% in H2O

Water Solubility 

68.9 g/100 mL (20 ºC)

Sensitive 

Hygroscopic

Merck 

14,9580

BRN 

5322018

InChIKey

DPVHGFAJLZWDOC-NYAOJISMSA-N

CAS DataBase Reference

6138-23-4(CAS DataBase Reference)

Safety

Hazard Codes 

Xi

Risk Statements 

38-36/37/38

Safety Statements 

37/39-26-24/25

WGK Germany 

2

RTECS 

LZ5776547

F 

3-10

TSCA 

Yes

HS Code 

29400000

Hazard and Precautionary Statements (GHS)

Symbol(GHS)

Signal word

Warning

Hazard statements

H315Causes skin irritation

H319Causes serious eye irritation

H335May cause respiratory irritation

Precautionary statements

P261Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.

P305+P351+P338IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continuerinsing.

D(+)-Trehalose dihydrate Chemical Properties,Usage,Production

Description

Trehalose is a natural non-reducing disaccharide composed of two α-glucose units. It is found in all major groups of organisms except vertebrates, has biological functions as an osmolyte, storage reserve, and stress protectant, and has diverse commercial applications. Trehalose can also induce or enhance autophagy.

Chemical Properties

D(+)-Trehalose dihydrate occurs as virtually odorless, white or almost white crystals with a sweet taste (approximately 45% of the sweetness of sucrose).

Uses

Stabilizes cells during freezing, freeze-drying and air-drying. Sweetener and stabilizer in foods; cryoprotectant for freeze-dried foods. Additive in cosmetics and personal care products.

Uses

D(+)-Trehalose dihydrate is used in many processed foods as well as in biopharmaceutical monoclonal antibody formulations, it is also used as a protein stabilize.

Production Methods

Trehalose is prepared from liquefied starch by a multistep enzymatic process. The commercial product is the dihydrate.

Pharmaceutical Applications

D(+)-Trehalose dihydrate is used for the lyoprotection of therapeutic proteins, particularly for parenteral administration. Other pharmaceutically relevant applications include use as an excipient for diagnostic assay tablets; for stabilization during the freeze–thaw and lyophilization of liposomes; and for stabilization of blood cells, cosmetics, and monoclonal antibodies. Trehalose may also be used in formulations for topical application.

Biochem/physiol Actions

D(+)-Trehalose dihydrate is a non-reducing sugar formed from two glucose units joined by a 1-1 alpha bond. It is thought to provide plants and animals with the ability to withstanding periods of dehydration.

Safety

Trehalose is used in cosmetics, foods, and parenteral and nonparenteral pharmaceutical formulations. It is generally regarded as a relatively nontoxic and nonirritant material when used as an excipient.
In the gut, trehalose is rapidly metabolized to glucose by the specific enzyme trehalase. A small minority of the population exhibits a primary (hereditary) or secondary (acquired) trehalase deficiency and thus may experience intestinal discomfort after ingestion of excessive amounts of trehalose owing to the osmotic activity of undigested trehalose in the gut. However, smaller amounts of trehalose are tolerated by such individuals without any symptoms.
Trehalose is used as a sweetener and is reported to have substantially less cariogenic potential than sucrose.
LD50 (dog, IV): >1 g/kg
LD50 (dog, oral): >5 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, IV): >1 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, oral): >5 g/kg
LD50 (rat, IV): >1 g/kg
LD50 (rat, oral): >5 g/kg

storage

Trehalose is a relatively stable material. At 60°C for 5 hours it loses not more than 1.5% w/w of water (the dihydrate water of crystallization is retained). Open stored powder may liquefy at high relative humidity (≥90%).
Trehalose should be stored in a cool, dry place in a well-sealed container.

Purification Methods

α,α-D(+)-Trehalose crystallises (as the dihydrate) from aqueous EtOH. Dry it at 13o. For the anhydrous compound dissolve 10g in pyridine (200mL) and distil off this solvent at atmospheric pressure, and when the temperature rises to 115.3o all the H2O is removed and 73mL of distillate is collected. Most of the anhydrous material crystallises out at this stage. The crystals are collected (6.8g), washed with Et2O to give 6.1g of anhydrous product. Higher yields are obtained by slightly more prolonged distillation. [Birch J Chem Soc 3489 1965, X-ray cryst: Brown et al. Acta Cryst 28 3145 1972, Beilstein 17/8 V 3.]

Incompatibilities

D(+)-Trehalose dihydrate is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, especially in the presence of heat.

Regulatory Status

GRAS listed. In the UK trehalose may be used in certain food applications. Included in parenteral and nonparenteral investigational formulations.