Analytical Chemistry
Analytical chemistry is the subject for the method and basic principle of studying and identifying of the composition, status, structure of matter as well as determination of related content. It is an important branch of chemistry subject. Analytical chemistry plays an important role in not only its own development but also in various fields related to the chemistry. We can say that all the practice of any human activity involving chemical phenomena is inseparable from analytical chemistry. Now, people have developed various kinds of different analytical methods, which can be classified based on an analysis task, analysis object, the basis of the analysis, requirement of the analysis and sample dosage.
According to the analysis tasks, it can be divided into qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis and structural analysis. Task of qualitative analysis is to identify the elements, radicals, functional groups or compounds that constituting the substances; the task of the quantitative analysis is to determine the content of the related components in the sample; the task of structural analysis is to study the molecular structure or crystal structure of the material.
(1) According to the analysis objects, it can be divided into organic and inorganic analysis; the object for the inorganic analysis is inorganic substance; the object of organic analysis is organic substance. In the inorganic analysis, it is generally required to determine what elements, ions, radicals or compounds that constitutes the sample and measure the percentage of each component; and sometimes it is also necessary for determination of the crystal structure; in the organic analysis, it not only requires the identification of the constituent elements, but also, more importantly, should do the structure analysis and functional group analysis.
(2) According to whether the analysis is based on the physical properties or chemical properties of the substance, it can be divided into instrumental analysis and chemical analysis. Depending on the specific requirements, it can be divided into routine analysis, rapid analysis and arbitration Analysis. Routine analysis refers to the general daily laboratory production analysis, also known as conventional analysis; rapid analysis is a kind of routine analysis and is mainly applied to the control of the production process, demanding the report of the results in the shortest possible time with the error generally being allowed to be greater; arbitration analysis is needed when there is controversy in the analysis results from different institute, demanding related department to conduct accurate analysis using specific method in order to determine the accuracy of the results of the original analysis.
(3) According to the amount of the sample, it can be generally divided into constant (> 0.1g), semi-micro (0.01 ~ 0.1g) and trace (1 ~ 10mg) analysis.
(4) In the inorganic qualitative chemical analysis, people generally apply semi-micro method while people generally apply constant analysis in the quantitative chemical analysis. According to the relative amounts of the analyzed components contained in the sample, it is also roughly divided into constant component analysis (> 1%), minor component analysis (0.01 to 1%) and trace components analysis (<0.01%). For the analysis of some trace amount of components contained in some kinds of complicated mixture and some substances, it is necessary to perform separation and enrichment. This produces a series of separation techniques, such as extraction, distillation, ion exchange, chromatography, sedimentation and flotation separation, these chemical separation techniques are an integral part of the analysis.
Environmental Analytical Chemistry
Environmental Analytical Chemistry is briefly referred to environmental analysis. It is a kind of subject to study the types, components of pollutants in the environment as well as how to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis on the chemical contaminants in the environment. It is a branch of environmental chemistry.
Environmental analytical chemistry emerged, developed and improved during the process of solving environmental problems. In 1950s, the public nuisance disease occurred in Japan had alerted the whole world. In order to find the cause of public nuisance disease, after experiencing as long as 11 years, later, the chemists of environmental analysis had applied light spectrum and identified that the river in Itai-itai disease area contained harmful elements such as lead, cadmium, arsenic and so on. Further by means of tracking element analysis of the soil and food in the disease area, people had found high lead and cadmium content. Later, people had further conducted spectral quantitative analysis on the body and bone of the patients in the disease area and found that the bone ashes contained alarmingly high content of zinc, lead and cadmium. To determine the causative agent, people further incorporated zinc, lead and cadmium into the food for feeding animals and conduct trace elemental analysis for animals and confirmed the serious harm of cadmium on the bone, revealing the cause of the Itai-itai disease. The development of modern science, especially the development of modern chemistry, physics, mathematics, electronics, biology, as well as the emergence of accurate, reliable, sensitive, selective, rapid, simple environmental pollution analysis technology and automation equipment, has been resulting in the maturation of environmental analytical chemistry. Environmental analytical chemistry now has penetrated into all areas of the entire environmental science subject. It is the most effective means of access to environmental information quality.
The objects of the environmental analytical chemistry research are quite complicated, including air, water, soil, sediment, minerals, waste, animals, plants, food, and human tissue. The content of chemical elements or compound to be determined in the environmental analytic chemistry is very low, with the absolute content being within the level of 10-6 to 10-12 grams.
The analysis technology in the environmental analytical chemistry is developing towards the direction of continuous automation, computerization and joint combination of various methods and instruments. Currently applied automatic analysis methods include colorimetric analysis, ion selective electrode, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, polarography, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and flow injection analysis. Laser, as the light source of analytical chemistry technique, has also been applied. Since the laser analysis has properties of high resolution, high sensitivity, long-range and short-term, the laser technology will play a pivotal role in the development of environmental analytical chemistry.
With the deepened development of environmental science, environmental analytical chemistry is often demanded for trace levels and ultra-trace-level detection and analysis, therefore, high sensitivity. Thus study of analysis methods of high sensitivity, good selectivity, rapid trace and ultra trace will become the major development direction for environmental analysis in the near future.
Qualitative Analysis of Chemistry
Qualitative analytic chemistry is the subject to identify the chemical elements and atoms groups contained in the sample. It is a branch subject of the analysis chemistry. Its purpose is to ascertain the chemical composition of the research object (specimen).
The major research content of the qualitative analytic chemistry includes:
1 the tested samples were analyzed separately. Namely take part of the sample and use exclusive reaction to detect a desire detection component.
2 systematic analysis of the samples. This means successively apply a few selective reactions for gradual separation of the ions followed by separation of each group until separating to only one substance and finally apply confirming reaction to ascertain the existence of this substance. The most famous cation system analysis method is H2S system. In recent years, due to the use of advanced equipment, qualitative analysis has also rapidly developed together with multivariate analysis and has also become an important direction for analytical chemistry.
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- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Fluconazole Impurity
- CAS:
- 1609495-95-5
- MF:
- C15H14FN9O
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 1,4-bis(4-((1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecan-1-yl)methyl)benzyl)- 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane dodecahydrochloride
- MF:
- C46H96Cl12N12
- Chemical Name:
- Entacapone Impurity 6
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Taladafil impurity
- CAS:
- 1356345-67-9
- MF:
- C23H23N3O4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Mirabegron 2-Oxo Impurity
- CAS:
- 1684453-05-1
- MF:
- C21H22N4O3S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Riluzole 4-Bromo Impurity
- CAS:
- 144631-82-3
- MF:
- C8H4BrF3N2OS
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Furosemide Impurity 8
- CAS:
- 41332-59-6
- MF:
- C7H4Cl2O5S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Irinotecan Impurity 29
- CAS:
- 797762-11-9
- MF:
- C22H24N2O4
- Chemical Name:
- Empagliflozin Impurity 41
- Chemical Name:
- Empagliflozin Impurity 47
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Irbesartan
- CAS:
- 141745-36-0
- MF:
- C23H26N6O
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Aprepitant
- CAS:
- 170902-80-4
- MF:
- C20H18F7NO2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Pranoprofen Impurity 5
- CAS:
- 145986-74-9
- MF:
- C16H15NO3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 2-(3-cyano-4-isobutoxyphenyl)-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid 1-oxide
- CAS:
- 2418591-42-9
- MF:
- C16H16N2O4S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Ropivacaine impurity
- CAS:
- 1786841-18-6
- MF:
- C12H14N2O3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Trelagliptin Impurity 5
- CAS:
- 2087874-92-6
- MF:
- C22H24FN5O5
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 9H-Purin-6-amine, 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-2-methoxy-
- CAS:
- 51742-84-8
- MF:
- C11H15N5O5
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 8-Chloro-5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-one
- CAS:
- 31251-41-9
- MF:
- C14H10ClNO
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- (R)-Ornidazole
- CAS:
- 166734-80-1
- MF:
- C7H10ClN3O3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Apixaban Impurity 22
- CAS:
- 1449510-64-8
- MF:
- C25H26ClN5O4
- Chemical Name:
- Cefdinir impurity TU mixture
- Chemical Name:
- Fotagliptin Impurity 1
- Chemical Name:
- Rocuronium bromide Impurity 7
- Chemical Name:
- Tofacitinib Impurity 69
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Benzenamine, 3-(2-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-
- CAS:
- 641571-06-4
- MF:
- C11H10F3N3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Ciprofloxacin EP Impurity E
- CAS:
- 879005-96-6
- MF:
- C16H20FN3O
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- ethyl 2-(3-cyano-4-propoxyphenyl)-4-methylthiazole-5- carboxylate
- MF:
- C17H18N2O3S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- (2S,5R,6S)-6-bromo-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid Diphenylmethyl Ester
- CAS:
- 74189-25-6
- MF:
- C21H20BrNO3S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 3-[3-({[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino)propyl]-7,8-dimethoxy-1,3-dihydro-2H-3-benzazepin-2-one hydrochloride
- CAS:
- 1086026-38-1
- MF:
- C27H34N2O5*ClH
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Amoxicillin Impurity Z
- MF:
- C16H19N3O5S
- Chemical Name:
- Atracurium Impurity P
- Chemical Name:
- Atracurium Impurity U
- Chemical Name:
- Ceftazidime side chain Impurity
- Chemical Name:
- Linagliptin Impurity 35
- Chemical Name:
- Ropivacaine Impurity 1
- Chemical Name:
- Ropivacaine Impurity 46
- Chemical Name:
- Sugammadex sodium Org199425-1 Impurity
- Chemical Name:
- Sugammadex sodium Org244517-1 Impurity
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Terbutaline Impurity 11
- CAS:
- 2387020-93-9
- MF:
- C8H7BrO3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- (2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-(4-chloro-3-(4-(((R)-tetrahydrofuran- 3-yl)oxy)benzyl)phenyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H- pyran-3,4,5-triol
- MF:
- C23H27ClO7
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Afatinib impurity 34
- CAS:
- 2475095-50-0
- MF:
- C14H7ClF2N4O2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Avibactam Impurity 39
- CAS:
- 2089462-91-7
- MF:
- C15H22N2O3
- Chemical Name:
- Butyphthalide impurity 28
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Butyphthalide impurity 36
- CAS:
- 2245275-82-3
- MF:
- C15H18O5
- Chemical Name:
- Canagliflozin Impurity 32
- Chemical Name:
- Carbocistein Impurity B
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Celecoxib Impurity 22
- CAS:
- 921617-76-7
- MF:
- C17H13F3N2O3S
- Chemical Name:
- Emtricitabine Impurity RRO
- Chemical Name:
- Febuxostat Impurity 84
- Chemical Name:
- Febuxostat Impurity 89
- Chemical Name:
- Gefitinib Impurity T
- Chemical Name:
- Ibrutinib Impurity 16
- Chemical Name:
- LCZ696(valsartan + sacubitril) impurity 35
- Chemical Name:
- Lenvatinib Impurity 15
- Chemical Name:
- Montelukast sodium impurity I
- Chemical Name:
- Moxifloxacin Impurity 48
- Chemical Name:
- Olsalazine Impurity A
- Chemical Name:
- Ozagrel impurity E
- Chemical Name:
- Solifenacin impurity 22
- Chemical Name:
- Sunitinib Impurity YDEJ
- Chemical Name:
- Tofacitinib Impurity 94
- Chemical Name:
- Topiroxostat Impurity 31
- Chemical Name:
- Sitafloxacin Impurity 9 Sodium Salt
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Azilsartan Impurity 11
- CAS:
- 91526-16-8
- MF:
- C12H12O6S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Pitavastatin Impurity 18 Sodium Salt
- CAS:
- 1611499-16-1
- MF:
- C25H24FNO5
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Apixaban Impurity 25
- CAS:
- 2133292-60-9
- MF:
- C26H27ClN4O5
- Chemical Name:
- Saxagliptin Impurity 10
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- (1r,4r)-4-((2-amino-4-bromobenzyl)amino)cyclohexan-1-ol hydrochloride
- MF:
- C13H20BrClN2O
- Chemical Name:
- Aztreonam Impurity 6
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Cetirizine impurity 14
- MF:
- C21H25ClN2O3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vitamin B1 Impurity 1
- MF:
- C12H17ClN4OS
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Diquafosol Impurity UP2U
- CAS:
- 221169-12-6
- MF:
- C18H25N4NaO17P2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Pemetrexed disodium Impurity
- CAS:
- 17405-00-4
- MF:
- C7H5ClN2O2
- Chemical Name:
- Vonoprazan Impurity Z-1
- Chemical Name:
- IPC-Mixed Tenofovir Trimer
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Olanzapine impurity M
- MF:
- C17H20N4S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Afatinib impurity 41
- CAS:
- 69169-63-7
- MF:
- C5H9NO2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vildagliptin Impurity 38
- CAS:
- 956508-24-0
- MF:
- C10H16N2O3
- Chemical Name:
- Tazobactam Impurity C
- Chemical Name:
- Palonosetron Impurity TM1-YA
- Chemical Name:
- Pitavastatin Impurity 33
- Chemical Name:
- Pralatrexate Impurity 14
- Chemical Name:
- Pitavastatin Impurity 51
- Chemical Name:
- Pitavastatin Impurity 59
- Chemical Name:
- Lenvatinib Impurity 42
- Chemical Name:
- Tazobactam Impurity 8
- Chemical Name:
- Prednicarbate Impurity B
- Chemical Name:
- Doxofylline Impurity 13
- Chemical Name:
- Afatinib impurity 46
- Chemical Name:
- Canagliflozin Impurity 60
- Chemical Name:
- Canagliflozin Impurity 65
- Chemical Name:
- Rosuvastatin Impurity 75
- Chemical Name:
- Acyclovir Impurity 11
- Chemical Name:
- Selexipag Impurity 6
- Chemical Name:
- Cabozantinib impurity N
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Barcitinib impurity-09
- CAS:
- 1187594-16-6
- MF:
- C14H13N7
- Chemical Name:
- Rotigotine Impurity 6
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Olprinone Impurity 7
- CAS:
- 2236020-10-1
- MF:
- C9H10N2
- Chemical Name:
- Cilastatin Impurity 2
- Chemical Name:
- Cilastatin Impurity 7