AMDOXOVIR
AMDOXOVIR Usage And Synthesis
Description
Amdoxovir (also known as DAPD, AMDX, or ()-b-D-2,6-diaminopurine dioxolane) is a new drug in the class of nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase (NRTI) inhibitors used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infections. Amdoxovir is a prodrug of the purine nucleoside analog ()-b-D-dioxolane guanosine (DXG). Amdoxovir is rapidly deaminated in vivo by adenosine deaminase to its active metabolite, DXG. DXG is phosphorylated to DXG triphosphate, which is the inhibitor of (HIV) reverse transcriptase (RT). Both amdoxovir and DXG are dioxolane derivatives of the nucleoside guanine, which contain an oxygen atom at the 3u position of the sugar moiety.
Uses
Amdoxovir is used in the treatment of HIV-1 and hepatitis B infections (reverse transcriptase inhibitor).
Mechanism of action
Despite being significantly more potent than amdoxovir, DXG has poor oral bioavailability. Therefore, amdoxovir was synthesized as its prodrug. Amdoxovir is rapidly converted in vivo and in vitro to DXG by the action of adenosine deaminase (ADA), which hydrolyzes the 6-amino group of amdoxovir. In a study by Furman et al. (2001), in the presence of calf ADA, 50% of the concentration of amdoxovir in whole human blood was converted to DXG in 2.4 hours . Oral administration of amdoxovir to cynomolgus monkeys showed that the plasma concentrations of DXG were significantly higher than the plasma concentrations of amdoxovir. This confirmed that amdoxovir is rapidly converted to DXG in vivo, and is a prodrug of DXG. Multiple human pharmacologic studies have also shown that oral amdoxovir is rapidly converted to DXG in humans. Like all NRTIs, DXG is itself a prodrug and must be converted to the triphosphate for it to be active; DXG-TP is an analog of 2u-deoxyguanosine, which is normally incorporated into HIV DNA during its synthesis by HIV RT. DXG, like many other nucleoside analogs, is converted to its 5u-triphosphate derivative by cellular kinases. Following this conversion, DXG-TP inhibits HIV-1 RT with a Ki of 0.019 mM. In contrast, as mentioned above, the Ki for amdoxovirTP is 250 mM, indicating that DXG is the more potent of the two compounds. DXG-TP inhibits the HIV RT by two mechanisms. DXG-TP competes with the natural substrate 2u-deoxyguanosine-TP for incorporation into newly formed DNA, reversibly inhibiting the RT. Once DXG-TP is incorporated, it results in DNA chain termination because DXG-TP lacks a hydroxyl moiety that is needed to form a 3u–5u phosphodiester bond with the next nucleoside. The complex of the terminated DNA chain with RT is irreversible.
Clinical Use
In early studies, dioxolane nucleoside derivatives showed potent anti-HIV activity in vitro. DXG has poor solubility and low oral bioavailability; amdoxovir, a more bioavailable prodrug, was developed initially at Triangle Pharmaceuticals and development is now continuing at RFS Pharma LLC. In vitro, DXG has potent antiviral activity against wild-type HIV-1, and, more significantly, against clinical isolates of HIV-1 which are resistant to current NRTIs. DXG also has in vitro activity against HIV2 and hepatitis B viruses, but the drug is not being developed for these indications. Amdoxovir has undergone three phase I and four phase I/ II trials for treatment of HIV-1. Amdoxovir is formulated as 300- or 500-mg capsules for oral administration.
Drug interactions
Amdoxovir has been administered to humans in combination with mycophenolate mofetil, enfuvirtide (T-20, fusion inhibitor), and zidovudine. Pharmacokinetic studies have been performed only with zidovudine. No drug interactions were identified for either zidovudine or amdoxovir in relationship to the plasma concentrations of ZDV or DXG . This was not unexpected given the different phosphorylating pathways of these two drugs. No drug interaction studies were reported for the mycophenolate mofetil study. No clinical data on the other guanosine analog, abacavir, are available. However, nucleotide competition studies conducted in tissue-cultured cells indicate no competitive inhibition of carbovir triphosphate, the active metabolite of abacavir. Additionally, abacavir did not interfere with the phosphorylation of DXG. Since abacavir uses a different phosphorylation pathway to produce carbovir triphosphate, amdoxovir and abacavir could be administered together.