Azathioprine
Application in Particular Diseases- Product Name
- Azathioprine
- CAS No.
- 446-86-6
- Chemical Name
- Azathioprine
- Synonyms
- IMURAN;muran;Imrel;azamun;azanin;imurek;imurel;Zytrim;Azasan;bw57-322
- CBNumber
- CB2170327
- Molecular Formula
- C9H7N7O2S
- Formula Weight
- 277.26
- MOL File
- 446-86-6.mol
Azathioprine Property
- Melting point:
- 243-244°C
- Boiling point:
- 521.0±60.0 °C(Predicted)
- Density
- 1.5379 (rough estimate)
- refractive index
- 1.7400 (estimate)
- storage temp.
- 2-8°C
- solubility
- Soluble in Dichloromethane and dimethyl sulfoxide.
- pka
- 8.2(at 25℃)
- form
- Solid
- color
- Pale-yellow crystals from Me2CO (aq)
- biological source
- synthetic (organic)
- Water Solubility
- <0.1 g/100 mL at 23 ºC
- Merck
- 14,902
- BCS Class
- 4
- Stability:
- Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases.
- InChIKey
- LMEKQMALGUDUQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- CAS DataBase Reference
- 446-86-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
- IARC
- 1 (Vol. 26, Sup 7, 100A) 2012
- EPA Substance Registry System
- Azathioprine (446-86-6)
Safety
- Hazard Codes
- Xi,T,Xn
- Risk Statements
- 45-22-36/37/38-20/21/22
- Safety Statements
- 53-22-26-36/37-45-36
- WGK Germany
- 3
- RTECS
- UO8925000
- HazardClass
- IRRITANT
- HS Code
- 29339900
- Hazardous Substances Data
- 446-86-6(Hazardous Substances Data)
- Toxicity
- LD50 orl-rat: 535 mg/kg NIIRDN 6,3,82
Hazard and Precautionary Statements (GHS)
- Symbol(GHS)
-
- Signal word
- Danger
- Hazard statements
-
H302Harmful if swallowed
H315Causes skin irritation
H319Causes serious eye irritation
H335May cause respiratory irritation
H350May cause cancer
- Precautionary statements
-
P202Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.
P261Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
P301+P312IF SWALLOWED: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician IF you feel unwell.
P302+P352IF ON SKIN: wash with plenty of soap and water.
P305+P351+P338IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continuerinsing.
P308+P313IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention.
N-Bromosuccinimide Price
- Product number
- A4638
- Product name
- Azathioprine
- Purity
- ≥98%
- Packaging
- 1g
- Price
- $128
- Updated
- 2024/03/01
- Product number
- 1046001
- Product name
- Azathioprine
- Purity
- United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
- Packaging
- 200mg
- Price
- $393
- Updated
- 2024/03/01
- Product number
- A2069
- Product name
- Azathioprine
- Purity
- >98.0%(HPLC)(T)
- Packaging
- 5g
- Price
- $175
- Updated
- 2024/03/01
- Product number
- A2069
- Product name
- Azathioprine
- Purity
- >98.0%(HPLC)(T)
- Packaging
- 25g
- Price
- $524
- Updated
- 2024/03/01
- Product number
- J62314
- Product name
- Azathioprine
- Packaging
- 1g
- Price
- $102.65
- Updated
- 2024/03/01
Azathioprine Chemical Properties,Usage,Production
Application in Particular Diseases
In Rheumatic Arthritis:
Azathioprine is a purine analog that is converted to 6-mercaptopurine and is thought to interfere with DNA and RNA synthesis. Antirheumatic effects may be seen in 3 to 4 weeks. It should be discontinued if no response is observed after 12 weeks at maximal doses. Its major adverse effects are bone marrow suppression (leukopenia, macrocytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia), stomatitis, GI intolerance, infections, drug fever, hepatotoxicity, and oncogenic potential.
Description
This immunosuppressive and antineoplastic drug is derived from 6-mercaptopurine. It caused occupational dermatitis in a pharmaceutical worker, reconditioner of old tablet packaging machines and in a production mechanic, working in packaging for a pharmaceutical company.
Chemical Properties
Yellow Solid
Chemical Properties
Azathioprine is a complex heterocyclic compound which forms pale yellow crystals.
Originator
Imuran,Wellcome,UK,1964
Uses
Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive purine antimetabolite. The mechanism of action of azathioprine is as a nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor. It has shown promise in treatment of alopecia areata (autoimmune hair loss), with no difference in effectiveness between genders.
Uses
immunosuppressant, antineoplastic, antirheumatic
Uses
An immunosuppressive antimetabolite. Also active as disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD). Azathioprine is a purine analog with immunosuppressive effects.
Definition
ChEBI: A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and a ter organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.
Indications
Azathioprine (Imuran) is a cytotoxic agent that preferentially destroys any rapidly dividing cell. Since immunologically competent cells are generally rapidly dividing cells, azathioprine is very effective as an immunosuppressive drug. Unfortunately, any cell that is replicating is a target for this action. This lack of specificity leads to serious side effects. Azathioprine, in combination with corticosteroids, has historically been used more widely than any other drug in immunosuppressive therapy. It is classified as a purine antimetabolite and is a derivative of 6-mercaptopurine.
Manufacturing Process
N,N'-Dimethyloxaldiamide is reacted with PCl5, to give 4-chloro-1-methyl
imidazole. This is nitrated with HNO3 to give 5-nitro-1-methyl-4-
chloroimidazole. Then, a mixture of 4.6 grams of anhydrous 6-
mercaptopurine, 5 grams of 1-methyl-4-chloro-5-nitroimidazole and 2.5 grams
of anhydrous sodium acetate in 100 ml of dry dimethyl sulfoxide was heated
at 100°C for 7 hours.
After standing overnight at room temperature, the mixture was poured into
200 ml of cold water and the yellow precipitate of 6-(1'-methyl-4'-nitro-5'-
imidazolyl)mercaptopurine (7.0 grams) collected. After recrystallization from
50% aqueous acetone, the product melted at 243-244°C, dec., and had an UV
spectrum with λ maximum = 280 nm at pH 1 and λ max. = 285 nm at pH 11.
brand name
Imuran (Promethus).
Therapeutic Function
Immunosuppressive
General Description
Pale yellow crystals or yellowish powder. Decomposes at 243-244°C. Used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A known carcinogen.
Air & Water Reactions
Sensitive to oxidation in the air. Insoluble in water.
Reactivity Profile
Azathioprine may react exothermically with acids. Incompatible with isocyanates, peroxides, phenols, epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Hydrolyzed by strongly basic solutions . May react with strong reducing agents to generate flammable gaseous hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide.
Hazard
Confirmed carcinogen.
Fire Hazard
Flash point data for Azathioprine are not available. Azathioprine is probably combustible.
Contact allergens
This immunosuppressive and antineoplastic drug is derived from 6-mercaptopurine. It caused allergic contact dermatitis in a mother crushing tablets for her leukemic son, and occupational dermatitis in a pharmaceutical reconditioner of old tablet packaging machines, and in a production mechanic working in packaging for a pharmaceutical company.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Has shown promise in treatment of alopecia areata (autoimmune hair loss), with no difference in effectiveness between genders.
Mechanism of action
Azathioprine is a phase-specific drug that is toxic to
cells during nucleic acid synthesis. Phase-specific drugs
are toxic during a specific phase of the mitotic cycle,
usually the S-phase, when DNA synthesis is occurring,
as opposed to cycle-specific drugs that kill both cycling
and intermitotic cells.
Azathioprine is converted in vivo to thioinosinic
acid, which competitively inhibits the synthesis of inosinic
acid, the precursor to adenylic acid and guanylic
acid. In this way, azathioprine inhibits DNA synthesis
and therefore suppresses lymphocyte proliferation.This
effectively inhibits both humoral and cell-mediated immune
responses.
Pharmacology
Azathioprine is well absorbed following oral administration, with peak blood levels occurring within 1 to 2 hours. It is rapidly and extensively metabolized to 6- mercaptopurine, which is further converted in the liver and erythrocytes to a variety of metabolites, including 6- thiouric acid. Metabolites are excreted in the urine.The half-life of azathioprine and its metabolites in the blood is about 5 hours.
Clinical Use
Azathioprine is a relatively powerful antiinflammatory
agent. Although its beneficial effect in various conditions
is principally attributable to its direct immunosuppressive
action, the antiinflammatory properties of the
drug play an important role in its overall therapeutic effectiveness.
Azathioprine has been used widely in combination
with corticosteroids to inhibit rejection of organ transplants,
particularly kidney and liver allografts. However,
it is usually reserved for patients who do not respond to
cyclosporine plus corticosteroids alone.
Azathioprine also has applications in certain disorders
with autoimmune components, most commonly
rheumatoid arthritis. It is as effective as cyclophosphamide
in the treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis.
It has largely been replaced by cyclosporine in immunosuppressive
therapy. Relative to other cytotoxic
agents, the better oral absorption of azathioprine is the
reason for its more widespread clinical use.
Side effects
The therapeutic use of azathioprine has been limited by the number and severity of adverse effects associated with its administration. Bone marrow suppression resulting in leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or both may occur. GI toxicity may be a problem. It is also mildly hepatotoxic. Because of its immunosuppressive activity, azathioprine therapy can lead to serious infections. It has been shown to be mutagenic in animals and humans and carcinogenic in animals.
Safety Profile
Confirmed human carcinogen producing bladder tumors and leukemia. Poison by subcutaneous, intradermal, and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion. Human systemic effects: liver changes, hypermotility, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting, increased body temperature, BP lowering, decreased urine volume or anuria, normocytic anemia, bone marrow changes. An experimental teratogen. Other experimental reproductive effects. Human mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of NO,xand SOx. An immunosuppressant.
Synthesis
Azathioprine, 6-[(1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl)thio]purine (31.2.1), is synthesized by heteroarylation of the sulfhydrile group of 6-mercaptopurine (30.1.2.9) with 5-chloro-1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol in the presence of sodium acetate as a weak base.
Potential Exposure
Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive agent, generally used in combination with a corticosteroid to prevent rejection following renal homotransplantations. It also is used following transplantation of other organs. Other uses of azathioprine include the treatment of a variety of presumed autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis; ankylosing spondylitis; systemic lupus erythematosus; dermatonyositis, periarteritis nodosa, scleroderma, refractory thombocytopenic purpura; autoimmune hemolytic anemia; chronic active liver disease; regional enteritis; ulcerative colitis; various autoimmune diseases of the eye; acute and chronic glomerulonephritis; the nephritic syndrome; Wegener’s granulomatosis; and multiple sclerosis.
Veterinary Drugs and Treatments
In veterinary medicine, azathioprine is used primarily as an immunosuppressive
agent in the treatment of immune-mediated
diseases in dogs. See Doses below for more information. For autoagglutinizing
immune mediated hemolytic anemia, azathioprine is
generally recommended to start at the time of diagnosis. When used
in combination with cyclosporine, azathioprine has been used to
prevent rejection of MHC-matched renal allografts in dogs.
Although the drug can be very toxic to bone marrow in cats, it is
sometimes used to treat feline autoimmune
skin diseases.
Drug interactions
Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
Allopurinol: enhances effect with increased
toxicity. Reduce azathioprine dose by 50-75% if
administered concomitantly - ideally avoid.
Antibacterials: increased risk of haematological
toxicity with co-trimoxazole.
Anticoagulants: possibly reduced anticoagulant effect
of coumarins.
Antipsychotics: avoid with clozapine.
Antivirals: myelosuppressive effects enhanced by
ribavirin.
Ciclosporin: decreased ciclosporin absorption and
bioavailability.
Cytotoxics may be additive or synergistic in
producing toxicity, particularly on the bone marrow.
Febuxostat: avoid concomitant use.
Vaccines: risk of generalised infections with live
vaccines - avoid.
First aid
If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove anycontact lenses at once and irrigate with water or normalsaline immediately for at least 20°30 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, removecontaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap andwater. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemicalhas been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescuebreathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart actionhas stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. Whenthis chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention.Give large quantities of water and induce vomiting. Do notmake an unconscious person vomit.
Carcinogenicity
Azathioprine is known to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans.
Metabolism
Azathioprine is extensively metabolised to its active moiety mercaptopurine, which in turn is activated intracellularly by conversion to nucleotide derivatives. Mercaptopurine is rapidly and extensively metabolised in the liver, by methylation, oxidation and by the formation of inorganic sulfates. Thiol methylation is catalysed by the enzyme thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT). TPMT activity is highly variable in patients because of a genetic polymorphism in the TPMT gene. About 10% of a dose of azathioprine is reported to be split between the sulfur and the purine ring to give 1-methyl-4-nitro-5-thioimidazole. The proportion of different metabolites is reported to vary between patients. Metabolites and small amounts of unchanged azathioprine and mercaptopurine are eliminated in the urine.
storage
Color Code—Blue: Health Hazard/Poison: Store ina secure poison location. Prior to working with this chemicalyou should be trained on its proper handling and storage.Store in a refrigerator under an inert atmosphere. A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemicalis handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHAStandard 1910.1045.
Shipping
UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required.
Incompatibilities
Incompatible with reducing agents, such as hydrides (may cause the release of explosive gases), oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong acids (violent exothermic reaction), strong bases.
Azathioprine Preparation Products And Raw materials
Raw materials
Preparation Products
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View Lastest Price from Azathioprine manufacturers
- Product
- Azathioprine Impurity 446-86-6
- Price
- US $0.00-0.00/mg
- Min. Order
- 10mg
- Purity
- 98
- Supply Ability
- 10000000
- Release date
- 2025-02-24
- Product
- Azathioprine 446-86-6
- Price
- US $0.00/kg
- Min. Order
- 1kg
- Purity
- 98%min
- Supply Ability
- 1000kg
- Release date
- 2023-01-13
- Product
- Azathioprine 446-86-6
- Price
- US $0.00-0.00/KG
- Min. Order
- 1KG
- Purity
- 99%
- Supply Ability
- 500000kg
- Release date
- 2024-11-05