Analytical Chemistry
Analytical chemistry is the subject for the method and basic principle of studying and identifying of the composition, status, structure of matter as well as determination of related content. It is an important branch of chemistry subject. Analytical chemistry plays an important role in not only its own development but also in various fields related to the chemistry. We can say that all the practice of any human activity involving chemical phenomena is inseparable from analytical chemistry. Now, people have developed various kinds of different analytical methods, which can be classified based on an analysis task, analysis object, the basis of the analysis, requirement of the analysis and sample dosage.
According to the analysis tasks, it can be divided into qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis and structural analysis. Task of qualitative analysis is to identify the elements, radicals, functional groups or compounds that constituting the substances; the task of the quantitative analysis is to determine the content of the related components in the sample; the task of structural analysis is to study the molecular structure or crystal structure of the material.
(1) According to the analysis objects, it can be divided into organic and inorganic analysis; the object for the inorganic analysis is inorganic substance; the object of organic analysis is organic substance. In the inorganic analysis, it is generally required to determine what elements, ions, radicals or compounds that constitutes the sample and measure the percentage of each component; and sometimes it is also necessary for determination of the crystal structure; in the organic analysis, it not only requires the identification of the constituent elements, but also, more importantly, should do the structure analysis and functional group analysis.
(2) According to whether the analysis is based on the physical properties or chemical properties of the substance, it can be divided into instrumental analysis and chemical analysis. Depending on the specific requirements, it can be divided into routine analysis, rapid analysis and arbitration Analysis. Routine analysis refers to the general daily laboratory production analysis, also known as conventional analysis; rapid analysis is a kind of routine analysis and is mainly applied to the control of the production process, demanding the report of the results in the shortest possible time with the error generally being allowed to be greater; arbitration analysis is needed when there is controversy in the analysis results from different institute, demanding related department to conduct accurate analysis using specific method in order to determine the accuracy of the results of the original analysis.
(3) According to the amount of the sample, it can be generally divided into constant (> 0.1g), semi-micro (0.01 ~ 0.1g) and trace (1 ~ 10mg) analysis.
(4) In the inorganic qualitative chemical analysis, people generally apply semi-micro method while people generally apply constant analysis in the quantitative chemical analysis. According to the relative amounts of the analyzed components contained in the sample, it is also roughly divided into constant component analysis (> 1%), minor component analysis (0.01 to 1%) and trace components analysis (<0.01%). For the analysis of some trace amount of components contained in some kinds of complicated mixture and some substances, it is necessary to perform separation and enrichment. This produces a series of separation techniques, such as extraction, distillation, ion exchange, chromatography, sedimentation and flotation separation, these chemical separation techniques are an integral part of the analysis.
Environmental Analytical Chemistry
Environmental Analytical Chemistry is briefly referred to environmental analysis. It is a kind of subject to study the types, components of pollutants in the environment as well as how to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis on the chemical contaminants in the environment. It is a branch of environmental chemistry.
Environmental analytical chemistry emerged, developed and improved during the process of solving environmental problems. In 1950s, the public nuisance disease occurred in Japan had alerted the whole world. In order to find the cause of public nuisance disease, after experiencing as long as 11 years, later, the chemists of environmental analysis had applied light spectrum and identified that the river in Itai-itai disease area contained harmful elements such as lead, cadmium, arsenic and so on. Further by means of tracking element analysis of the soil and food in the disease area, people had found high lead and cadmium content. Later, people had further conducted spectral quantitative analysis on the body and bone of the patients in the disease area and found that the bone ashes contained alarmingly high content of zinc, lead and cadmium. To determine the causative agent, people further incorporated zinc, lead and cadmium into the food for feeding animals and conduct trace elemental analysis for animals and confirmed the serious harm of cadmium on the bone, revealing the cause of the Itai-itai disease. The development of modern science, especially the development of modern chemistry, physics, mathematics, electronics, biology, as well as the emergence of accurate, reliable, sensitive, selective, rapid, simple environmental pollution analysis technology and automation equipment, has been resulting in the maturation of environmental analytical chemistry. Environmental analytical chemistry now has penetrated into all areas of the entire environmental science subject. It is the most effective means of access to environmental information quality.
The objects of the environmental analytical chemistry research are quite complicated, including air, water, soil, sediment, minerals, waste, animals, plants, food, and human tissue. The content of chemical elements or compound to be determined in the environmental analytic chemistry is very low, with the absolute content being within the level of 10-6 to 10-12 grams.
The analysis technology in the environmental analytical chemistry is developing towards the direction of continuous automation, computerization and joint combination of various methods and instruments. Currently applied automatic analysis methods include colorimetric analysis, ion selective electrode, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, polarography, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and flow injection analysis. Laser, as the light source of analytical chemistry technique, has also been applied. Since the laser analysis has properties of high resolution, high sensitivity, long-range and short-term, the laser technology will play a pivotal role in the development of environmental analytical chemistry.
With the deepened development of environmental science, environmental analytical chemistry is often demanded for trace levels and ultra-trace-level detection and analysis, therefore, high sensitivity. Thus study of analysis methods of high sensitivity, good selectivity, rapid trace and ultra trace will become the major development direction for environmental analysis in the near future.
Qualitative Analysis of Chemistry
Qualitative analytic chemistry is the subject to identify the chemical elements and atoms groups contained in the sample. It is a branch subject of the analysis chemistry. Its purpose is to ascertain the chemical composition of the research object (specimen).
The major research content of the qualitative analytic chemistry includes:
1 the tested samples were analyzed separately. Namely take part of the sample and use exclusive reaction to detect a desire detection component.
2 systematic analysis of the samples. This means successively apply a few selective reactions for gradual separation of the ions followed by separation of each group until separating to only one substance and finally apply confirming reaction to ascertain the existence of this substance. The most famous cation system analysis method is H2S system. In recent years, due to the use of advanced equipment, qualitative analysis has also rapidly developed together with multivariate analysis and has also become an important direction for analytical chemistry.
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- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- N-(5-(Propionyloxy)pentyl Acrylate) rac-trans-Laudanosine Benzenesulfonate
- CAS:
- 155913-32-9
- MF:
- C38H49NO11S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 9H-Purin-6-amine, 9-(2-chloropropyl)-
- CAS:
- 50615-40-2
- MF:
- C8H10ClN5
- Chemical Name:
- Hyoscine Butylbromide EP Impurity G
- Chemical Name:
- Dapagliflozin Impurity (MW:423Da)
- Chemical Name:
- Ramipril - Isomer Impurity 1
- Chemical Name:
- Aripiprazole peroxide degradation Impurity (MW:480Da)
- Chemical Name:
- Fosinopril Sodium Impurity A (Fosinoprilat)
- Chemical Name:
- Dapoxetine Impurity 40
- Chemical Name:
- Doxofylline Impurity 15
- Chemical Name:
- Iohexol Impurity 10
- Chemical Name:
- Salbutamol Impurity 40
- Chemical Name:
- Benzylpenicillin EP(CP) Impurity F
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- (3R,5R)-7-(2-(2-fluorophenyl)-5-isopropyl-3-phenyl-4-(phenylcarbamoyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid
- CAS:
- 2243639-98-5
- MF:
- C33H37CaFN2O5
- Chemical Name:
- Flucloxacillin sodium EP Impurity A
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Nilotinib Impurity 28
- CAS:
- 1807607-72-2
- MF:
- C28H20F3N7O3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- (7R,8R)-Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 9-O-β-D-glucoside
- CAS:
- 351346-10-6
- MF:
- C26H34O11
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- (6R,9S)-3-Oxo-α-ionol glucoside
- CAS:
- 159813-37-3
- MF:
- C19H30O7
- Chemical Name:
- T-IRR
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- VIOLURIC ACID
- CAS:
- 87-39-8
- MF:
- C4H3N3O4
- Chemical Name:
- Cabozantinib impurity M
- Chemical Name:
- Rotigotine Impurity 8
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Palbociclib-025
- CAS:
- 2174002-16-3
- MF:
- C25H29N7O3
- Chemical Name:
- Nitrendipine iMpurity 3
- Chemical Name:
- Cefminox Impurity 3
- Chemical Name:
- Afatinib Impurity 57
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Apremilast Impurity 34
- CAS:
- 2469037-82-7
- MF:
- C20H20N2O7S
- Chemical Name:
- Aprepitant Impurity 35
- Chemical Name:
- Bosutinib Impurity 15
- Chemical Name:
- Ertapenem Impurity 2
- Chemical Name:
- Febuxostat Impurity 68
- Chemical Name:
- Indacaterol Impurity 9
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Olanzapine Impurity 22
- MF:
- C17H20N4S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Olopatadine Impurity 9
- CAS:
- 680579-52-6
- MF:
- C39H36Br2P2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Oseltamivir Impurity 59
- CAS:
- 2485836-60-8
- MF:
- C12H22N2O3
- Chemical Name:
- Silodosin Impurity C
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Dexmedetomidine-025
- CAS:
- 2250242-52-3
- MF:
- C20H22N2
- Chemical Name:
- pranoprofen impurity 15
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Mono-Hydroxy Sugammadex
- CAS:
- 2376607-99-5
- MF:
- C69H109NaO47S7
- Chemical Name:
- Metronidazole impurity A
- Chemical Name:
- Sulpiride Impurity 6
- Chemical Name:
- Cefminox Impurity A
- Chemical Name:
- Cefminox Impurity F
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- IRBESARTAN RELATED COMPOUND A (25 MG) (1-PENTANOYLAMINO-CYCLOPENTANECARBOXYLIC ACID [2'-(1H-TETRAZOL-5-YL)-BIPHENYL-4-YLMETHYL]-AMIDE)
- CAS:
- 748812-53-5
- MF:
- C25H30N6O2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- FENOFIBRATE RELATED COMPOUND C (25 MG) (1-METHYLETHYL 2-[[2-[4-(4-CHLOROBENZOYL)PHENOXY]-2-METHYLPROPANOYL]OXY]-2-METHYLPROPANOATE)
- CAS:
- 217636-48-1
- MF:
- C24H27ClO6
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Escitalopram Acid Impurity
- CAS:
- 1133881-04-5
- MF:
- C20H22FNO3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 1,3,6,10,14-Hexadecapentaene, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, (3E,6E,10E)-
- CAS:
- 77898-97-6
- MF:
- C20H32
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- BROMOCRIPTINE IMPURITY A
- MF:
- C32H40BrN5O5
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- LORATADINE IMPURITY F
- MF:
- C22H23ClN2O2
- Chemical Name:
- ZIDOVUDINE IMPURITY A
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Propanoic acid, 2-[[(Z)-[1-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-methyl-4-oxo-1-sulfo-3-azetidinyl]amino]-2-oxoethylidene]amino]oxy]-2-methyl-, 1-(1,1-dimethylethyl) ester
- CAS:
- 330944-50-8
- MF:
- C17H25N5O8S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Apixaban Impurity 16
- CAS:
- 2203740-09-2
- MF:
- C26H29N5O5
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Canagliflozin Peroxide Impurity
- CAS:
- 2247196-28-5
- MF:
- C24H25FO7S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- (αR)-α-Methyl-N-[3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl]-2-naphthalenemethanamine Hydrochloride
- CAS:
- 2200269-28-7
- MF:
- C22H23ClF3N
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-δ-hydroxy-5-(1-methylethyl)-β-oxo-3-phenyl-4-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-1H-pyrrole-1-heptanoic Acid 1,1-Dimethylethyl Ester
- CAS:
- 947262-20-6
- MF:
- C37H41FN2O5
- Chemical Name:
- Atracurium Impurity R
- Chemical Name:
- Fludarabine EP impurity K
- Chemical Name:
- Ropivacaine Impurity 28
- Chemical Name:
- Ropivacaine Impurity 6
- Chemical Name:
- Solifenacin ring opening Impurity 11
- Chemical Name:
- Sugammadex sodium Org210839-1 Impurity
- Chemical Name:
- Sugammadex sodium Org284426-1 Impurity
- Chemical Name:
- Bendamustine Related Impurity 6
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Butyphthalide impurity 39
- CAS:
- 1841089-57-3
- MF:
- C24H28O4
- Chemical Name:
- Butyphthalide impurity 45
- Chemical Name:
- Dapoxetine impurity 18
- Chemical Name:
- Febuxostat Impurity 76
- Chemical Name:
- Febuxostat Impurity 91
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Ipratropium Bromide Impurity 1
- MF:
- C20H29Br2NO3
- Chemical Name:
- Lenvatinib Impurity 18
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Moxifloxacin Impurity 44
- CAS:
- 1048972-52-6
- MF:
- C14H12FNO5
- Chemical Name:
- Nintedanib Impurity 32
- Chemical Name:
- Palbociclib Impurity 36
- Chemical Name:
- Regorafenib Impurity 34
- Chemical Name:
- Rosuvastatin Impurity 47
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Sildenafil Impurity 36
- MF:
- C25H27N3O5
- Chemical Name:
- Sunitinib Impurity 4
- Chemical Name:
- Tafluprost Impurity 11
- Chemical Name:
- Tazobactam Impurity 4
- Chemical Name:
- Ticagrelor Impurity 103
- Chemical Name:
- Ticagrelor Impurity 94
- Chemical Name:
- Tofacitinib Impurity 119
- Chemical Name:
- Trelagliptin Impurity 26
- Chemical Name:
- Trelagliptin Impurity 31
- Chemical Name:
- Caspofungin impurity E
- Chemical Name:
- Erythromycin Impurity C
- Chemical Name:
- Itraconazole iMpurity 4
- Chemical Name:
- Azacitidine Impurity 3
- Chemical Name:
- Ozagrel Impurity 2
- Chemical Name:
- Olaparib Impurity 22
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Irbesartan Impurity 14
- CAS:
- 133690-91-2
- MF:
- C25H28N6O
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Febuxostat Impurity 25
- CAS:
- 1643131-89-8
- MF:
- C17H20N2O4S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Pregabalin Impurity 3
- CAS:
- 1928754-83-9
- MF:
- C12H22O3
- Chemical Name:
- Bosutinib Impurity 6
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Ticagrelor Impurity 49
- CAS:
- 2376278-80-5
- MF:
- C8H15NO3
- Chemical Name:
- Edoxaban Impurity 14
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Indacaterol Impurity 3
- CAS:
- 2250243-41-3
- MF:
- C26H32N2O3
- Chemical Name:
- Canagliflozin Impurity 11
- Chemical Name:
- Oseltamivir Impurity 22
- Chemical Name:
- Riociguat IMpurtiy B
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Amlodipine Impurity 48
- CAS:
- 39562-06-6
- MF:
- C18H20ClNO4