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3-Methylindole

Product Name
3-Methylindole
CAS No.
83-34-1
Chemical Name
3-Methylindole
Synonyms
SKATOLE;3-METHYL-1H-INDOLE;Indole, 3-methyl-;FEMA 3019;3-Methylindole (skatole);3-MI;scatol;SCATOLE;1H-Indole,3-methyl-;SKATOL
CBNumber
CB2208725
Molecular Formula
C9H9N
Formula Weight
131.17
MOL File
83-34-1.mol
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3-Methylindole Property

Melting point:
92-97 °C (lit.)
Boiling point:
265-266 °C (lit.)
Density 
1.0111 (estimate)
refractive index 
1.6070 (estimate)
FEMA 
3019 | SKATOLE
Flash point:
132 °C
storage temp. 
Store below +30°C.
solubility 
Chloroform (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly)
pka
17.30±0.30(Predicted)
form 
Crystalline Powder or Flakes
color 
Almost white to pale brown
Odor
indole-like odor
Odor Threshold
0.0000056ppm
Odor Type
animal
Water Solubility 
Soluble in water, Ether, Alcohols, Benzene, Acetone, Chloroform.
Sensitive 
Light Sensitive
Merck 
14,8560
JECFA Number
1304
BRN 
111296
Stability:
Stable, but light-sensistive. Stench! Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, acid ahydrides, acid chlorides. Combustible.
InChIKey
ZFRKQXVRDFCRJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP
2.60
CAS DataBase Reference
83-34-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference
1H-Indole, 3-methyl-(83-34-1)
EPA Substance Registry System
3-Methylindole (83-34-1)
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Safety

Hazard Codes 
Xi,N
Risk Statements 
36/37/38-51/53
Safety Statements 
26-36-61
RIDADR 
UN3077 - class 9 - PG 3 - DOT/IATA UN3335 - Environmentally hazardous substances, solid, n.o.s., HI: all (not BR)
WGK Germany 
2
RTECS 
NM0350000
8-13
TSCA 
Yes
HS Code 
29339920
Hazardous Substances Data
83-34-1(Hazardous Substances Data)
Toxicity
MLD in frogs (mg/kg): 1000 s.c. (Bin-Ichi)
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Hazard and Precautionary Statements (GHS)

Symbol(GHS)
Signal word
Warning
Hazard statements

H411Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects

Precautionary statements

P273Avoid release to the environment.

P391Collect spillage. Hazardous to the aquatic environment

P501Dispose of contents/container to..…

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N-Bromosuccinimide Price

Sigma-Aldrich
Product number
M51458
Product name
3-Methylindole
Purity
98%
Packaging
5g
Price
$41.5
Updated
2024/03/01
Sigma-Aldrich
Product number
90961
Product name
3-Methylindole
Purity
analytical standard
Packaging
100mg
Price
$62.8
Updated
2022/05/15
TCI Chemical
Product number
M0347
Product name
3-Methylindole
Purity
>98.0%(GC)
Packaging
1g
Price
$34
Updated
2024/03/01
TCI Chemical
Product number
M0347
Product name
3-Methylindole
Purity
>98.0%(GC)
Packaging
5g
Price
$78
Updated
2024/03/01
Alfa Aesar
Product number
L03890
Product name
3-Methylindole, 99%
Packaging
5g
Price
$25.65
Updated
2024/03/01
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3-Methylindole Chemical Properties,Usage,Production

Chemical Properties

Skatole has a characteristic putrid, fecal odor at high concentrations, becoming pleasant, jasmine-like, fruity sweet, warm at very low concentrations. It has a warm overripe fruity flavor below 1 ppm.

Physical properties

White crystals or slightly brown platelets. soluble in 3 volumes of 95% ethanol and oily fragrance. 3-Methylindole has a salty and strong indole-like animal fragrance, which is very powerful, has strong diffusion and is very durable. The smell at high concentrations is disgusting, only at very low concentrations there is a large civet-like animal aroma, and the taste is warm and overripe fruit-like.

Occurrence

Skatole is an indole derivative with a strong fecal odor that occurs naturally in feces formed due to the degradation of tryptophan. It is found in several flowers such as jasmine owing to its flowery smell when present in low concentration. Skatole is also one of the key contributors to the development of boar taint in fat samples.
Reported found in beetroot, feces, coal tar, Swiss cheese, Gruyere cheese, mozarella cheese, butter, milk, goat and sheep milk, boiled egg, fatty fish, coffee, tea, trassi, rice bran, dried bonito and squid.

Uses

3-Methylindole is a naturally abundant pneumotoxin, found primarily in mammalian feces providing its strong fecal odor. In lower concentrations however, the compound has a pleasent aroma, giving orange blossoms and ja smine their pleasing scent. It is often a component of commercial fragrances and perfumes.It helps fluorescent guanosine analogue, which in a dimethoxytrityl, phosphoramidite protected form, can be site-specifically inserted into oligonucleotides through a 3'-5' phosphodiester linkage using an automated DNA synthesizer.

Preparation

Prepared synthetically from the phenylhydrazone of propionaldehyde or by cyclization of o-toluidides (Bedoukian, 1967).
Industrial synthesis of 3-Methylindole: Propionaldehyde phenylhydrazone is obtained by heating propionaldehyde and phenylhydrazine to remove water molecules, and then heating with zinc chloride or sulfuric acid to remove ammonia molecules to obtain 3-Methylindole.
3 Step Synthesis of 3-Methylindole (Skatole) via Hydroboration and Cyclization

Definition

ChEBI: 3-Methylindole, or skatole, belongs to the indole family and has a methyl substituent in position 3 of the indole ring. It is produced during the anoxic metabolism of L-tryptophan in the mammalian digestive tract. It has a role as a mammalian metabolite and a human metabolite.

Aroma threshold values

Detection: 0.2 ppb

Synthesis Reference(s)

Journal of the American Chemical Society, 99, p. 3532, 1977 DOI: 10.1021/ja00452a073
The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 45, p. 2709, 1980 DOI: 10.1021/jo01301a032
Tetrahedron Letters, 28, p. 5291, 1987 DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)96710-8

General Description

3-Methylindole (3-MI), commonly found in wine, dairy products, and other foodstuffs, leads to an unpleasant fecal like odor in pig meat products. It is reported to be produced in the intestines of several species by the microbial degradation of tryptophan.

Pharmacology

Skatole (l00mg dissolved in 2 ml sesame oil administered by gastric intubation) failed to prevent apoplexy in the adrenals of rats when administered 24 hr before injection of 5 mg of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (Huggins & Fukunishi, 1964).
In rat costal cartilage, skatole inhibited 35SO42-incorporation into chondroitin sulphate and 14C-labelled proline incorporation into protein (Liberti & Rogers, 1970). In concentrations of 5-10 mM, it inhibited oxygen uptake in slices of rat liver and rat-brain cortex (Lascelles & Taylor, 1968; Walshe et al. 1958). Skatole has also shown depressant (catatonic-like) activity on the swimming behaviour of guppies and the exploratory behaviour of rats (Sprince, 1969). When injected ip, 1 mmol/kg did not have any radioprotective effect in mice, the survival effect (ratio of mean survival time in a treated group to that of the control in 30 days after irradiation) being 0.97 or 0.70 when skatole was administered 30 or 5 min, respectively, before X-irradiation with 800 R (Shinoda et al 1974).
Skatole (1.0mM) caused >50% inhibition of the anaphylactic release of histamine from chopped, sensitized guinea-pig lung by chymotrypsin substrates and inhibitors (Austen & Brocklehurst, 1961). It had a non-specific excitatory action on the heart of the marine mollusc Venus mercenaria (Greenberg, 1960) and in a 194 μM concentration produced half-maximal positive inotropic activity in isolated left guinea-pig atria (Zetler, 1974).

Toxicology

3-Methylindole (3MI), an abnormal metabolite of tryptophan, causes acute pulmonary edema and emphysema. 3MI toxicity is species-, tissue- and cell-specific and is an excellent model for understanding the processes of chemically-induced lung injury. This 3-methylindole (3-MI) is absorbed through the rumen wall and circulated around the body. The 3-MI is toxic to the primary cells that line the interior surface of the lungs. Thus, as the high levels of 3-MI move from the rumen to the lungs more and more lung tissue is destroyed.
Toxicity of 3-Methyleneoxindole, a Proposed Reactive Intermediate in the Metabolism of 3-Methylindole
The metabolic basis of 3-methylindole-induced pneumotoxicity
Association of 3-methyleneindolenine, a toxic metabolite of 3-methylindole, with acute interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle
Mechanisms of 3-methylindole pneumotoxicity

Safety Profile

Poison by ingestion, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by subcutaneous route. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx.

Synthesis

Indoles (skatole) with various substituents in the 2 and 3 position can be synthesized via the Fisher indole synthesis, which involves two steps and utilizes a phenylhydrazine and an aliphatic or aromatic aldehyde or ketone as starting materials.

Metabolic pathway

Three major metabolites of 14C-skatole are found in the plasma/urine of pigs given skatole and are identified as 6-sulfatoxyskatole, 3-hydroxy-3- methyloxindole, and the mercapturate adduct of skatole, 3-[(N-acetylcysteine-S-yl)methyl]indole. For other pathways, see the references in the text.

Metabolism

3-Methylindole (skatole) has been reported by several authors to be excreted as an ethereal sulphate by dogs, rats and man; distillation of the urine results in the formation of indole, which might well be derived by decarboxylation of indolyl-3-carboxylic acid, an expected oxidation product of skatole (Williams, 1959). Oral administration of skatole to rats resulted in the urinary excretion of a mixture of sulphate esters of hydroxyskatoles (Dalgliesh, Kelly & Horning, 1958; Horning, Sweeley, Dalgliesh & Kelly, 1959). The faeces of rats fed a chow diet were found to contain typtophan metabolites, including up to 0.78 ?g skatole/g wet faeces (Anderson, 1975). Metabolites of skatole were detected in the urine of a human subject fed skatole (Sano & Miyanoki, 1955). In man, skatole has been shown to undergo hydroxylation mainly at position 6. In rats and man, 6-hydroxyskatole is excreted chiefly as the sulphate (Horning et al. 1959), but it may also be excreted as the glucuronide (Sohler, 1966). The metabolites of skatole excreted in the urine of man and 16 species of domestic and wild mammals were also studied by Decker & Gerdemann (1959). After administration of skatole to cattle in a dose of 0.1-0.2 g skatole/kg intraruminally or 0.06g/kg by jugular infusion, the mean plasma concentration of skatole became maximal at 3 and 9hr, respectively (Carlson et al. 1975).

Purification Methods

Crystallise skatole from *benzene or pet ether (m 96.5o). It has also been purified by zone melting. The picrate has m 182o (from Et2O or Et2O/MeOH). [Beilstein 20 III/IV 3206, 20/7 V 69.]

3-Methylindole Preparation Products And Raw materials

Raw materials

Preparation Products

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3-Methylindole Suppliers

NINGBO JL NEW MATERIAL CO.,LTD
Tel
0574-88552218 18969899212
Email
sales@jlbio-tech.cn
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China
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715
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Guangzhou Rui Lion Biotechnology Co., LTD
Tel
13168345686 17306666488
Email
607141423@qq.com
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China
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J & K SCIENTIFIC LTD.
Tel
010-82848833 400-666-7788
Fax
86-10-82849933
Email
jkinfo@jkchemical.com
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China
ProdList
96815
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Meryer (Shanghai) Chemical Technology Co., Ltd.
Tel
021-61259108 18621169109
Fax
86-21-61259102
Email
market03@meryer.com
Country
China
ProdList
40228
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62
INTATRADE GmbH
Tel
+49 3493/605464
Fax
+49 3493/605470
Email
sales@intatrade.de
Country
Germany
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3572
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3B Pharmachem (Wuhan) International Co.,Ltd.
Tel
821-50328103-801 18930552037
Fax
86-21-50328109
Email
3bsc@sina.com
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China
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15839
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Alfa Aesar
Tel
400-6106006
Fax
021-67582001/03/05
Email
saleschina@alfa-asia.com
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China
ProdList
30123
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TAIYUAN RHF CO.,LTD.
Tel
+86 351 7031519
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+86 351 7031519
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sales@RHFChem.com
Country
China
ProdList
2338
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TCI (Shanghai) Development Co., Ltd.
Tel
021-67121386
Fax
021-67121385
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Sales-CN@TCIchemicals.com
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China
ProdList
24529
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81
Beijing HwrkChemical Technology Co., Ltd
Tel
010-89508211 18501085097
Fax
010-89508210
Email
sales.bj@hwrkchemical.com
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China
ProdList
8415
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View Lastest Price from 3-Methylindole manufacturers

WUHAN FORTUNA CHEMICAL CO., LTD
Product
3-Methylindole 83-34-1
Price
US $0.00/Kg/Bag
Min. Order
1KG
Purity
98%min HPLC
Supply Ability
100KGS
Release date
2021-06-24
Hebei Zhuanglai Chemical Trading Co.,Ltd
Product
3-Methylindole 83-34-1
Price
US $75.00-20.00/kg
Min. Order
1kg
Purity
99%
Supply Ability
20ton
Release date
2024-06-07
Hebei Yanxi Chemical Co., Ltd.
Product
3-Methylindole 83-34-1
Price
US $50.00/kg
Min. Order
1kg
Purity
0.99
Supply Ability
10000
Release date
2023-11-01

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