Valeric acid Property

Melting point:

−20-−18 °C(lit.)

Boiling point:

110-111 °C10 mm Hg(lit.)

Density 

0.939 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)

vapor density 

3.5 (vs air)

vapor pressure 

0.15 mm Hg ( 20 °C)

refractive index 

n20/D 1.408(lit.)

FEMA 

3101 | VALERIC ACID

Flash point:

192 °F

storage temp. 

Store below +30°C.

solubility 

40g/l

pka

4.84(at 25℃)

form 

Liquid

color 

Clear colorless to pale yellow

PH

3.95(1 mM solution);3.43(10 mM solution);2.92(100 mM solution);

Odor

at 1.00 % in propylene glycol. sickening putrid acidic sweaty rancid

Odor Type

cheesy

Odor Threshold

0.000037ppm

explosive limit

1.8-7.3%(V)

Water Solubility 

40 g/L (20 ºC)

Merck 

14,9904

JECFA Number

90

BRN 

969454

Dielectric constant

2.6000000000000001

Dielectric constant

2.7（20℃）

LogP

1.8 at 25℃

CAS DataBase Reference

109-52-4(CAS DataBase Reference)

NIST Chemistry Reference

Pentanoic acid(109-52-4)

EPA Substance Registry System

Valeric acid (109-52-4)

Safety

Hazard Codes 

C

Risk Statements 

34-52/53

Safety Statements 

26-36-45-61

RIDADR 

UN 3265 8/PG 3

WGK Germany 

1

RTECS 

YV6100000

F 

13

Autoignition Temperature

707 °F

TSCA 

Yes

HazardClass 

8

PackingGroup 

III

HS Code 

29156090

Hazardous Substances Data

109-52-4(Hazardous Substances Data)

Toxicity

LD50 i.v. in mice: 1290 ±53 mg/kg (Or, Wretlind)

Hazard and Precautionary Statements (GHS)

Symbol(GHS)

Signal word

Danger

Hazard statements

H314Causes severe skin burns and eye damage

H412Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects

Precautionary statements

P273Avoid release to the environment.

P280Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.

P301+P330+P331IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting.

P303+P361+P353IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off Immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse SKIN with water/shower.

P305+P351+P338IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continuerinsing.

Valeric acid Chemical Properties,Usage,Production

Description

Valeric acid (also pentanoic acid) is a straight chain alkyl carboxylic acid.
Valeric acid is mainly used for the synthesis of its esters used in foods, perfume, and cosmetics. Valeric acid is used as an intermediate for applications including ester type lubricants (in aviation turbine oils, fire-resistance hydraulic fluids, and refrigerator oils), plasticizers (dipropyl heptyl phthalate), vinyl stabilizers, and specialty chemicals. It is also used as an odorant in pesticide formulations for use on crops.

References

[1] http://www.chemicalland21.com
[2] Patent CA 2496307 C: High viscosity synthetic ester lubricant base stock
[3] https://www.icis.com
[4] Christopher G. Morris (1992) Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology

Description

Valeric acid, or pentanoic acid, is a straight - chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula C₅H₁₀O₂. Like other lowmolecular- weight carboxylic acids, it has a very unpleasant odor. It is found naturally in the perennial flowering plant valerian (Valeriana officinalis), from which it gets its name. Its primary use is in the synthesis of its esters. Volatile esters of valeric acid tend to have pleasant odors and are used in perfumes and cosmetics. Ethyl valerate and pentyl valerate are used as food additives because of their fruity flavors.
Valeric acid appears similar in structure to GHB and the neurotransmitter GABA in that it is a short-chain carboxylic acid, although it lacks the alcohol and amine functional groups that contribute to the biological activities of GHB and GABA, respectively. It differs from valproic acid simply by lacking a 3- carbon side - chain.

Chemical Properties

Valeric acid has an unpleasant odor and flavor, similar to butyric acid. May consist of one or a mixture of isomers of n-pentanoic acid and/or 2- or 3-methyl-butanoic acid.

Chemical Properties

Colorless liquid; penetrating odor and taste. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Undergoes reactions typical of normal monobasic organic acids. Combustible.

Occurrence

The acid is not too common in nature; reported (as the corresponding ester) found in the essential oil of Boronia anemonifolia, in pineapple fruits and in other plants; also identified as acid or the corresponding ester in the essential oil of lemon petitgrain. Also reported found in apple, apple juice, banana, orange juice, bilberry, cranberry, strawberry, raspberry, papaya, grapes, celery, onion, baked potato, tomato, corn mint oil, breads, cheeses, milk, yogurt, butter, cheddar cheese, lean and fatty fish, fish oil, cooked meats, hop oil, beer, rum, whiskies, grape wines, cocoa, tea, roasted filberts, peanuts and pecans, honey, soybeans, coconut meat and milk, cloudberry, passion fruit, starfruit, trassi, mango, jackfruit, licorice, calamus, sake, buckwheat, watercress, laurel, peated malt, wort, kiwifruit, loquat, Bourbon vanilla, shrimps, oyster, scallop, cape gooseberry, sea buckthorn, Chinese quince and maté.

Uses

Valeric acid, is used as a sex attractant of the sugar beet wireworm, Limonius californicus. It is used predominantly as an intermediate in the manufacture of flavors and perfumes, ester type lubricants, plasticizers and vinyl stabilizesrs. It is a food additive used as a synthetic flavoring substance dan adjuvant. It is an inert ingredient in controlling pest.

Uses

valeric acid is obtained from valerian extract, which is considered skin conditioning.

Uses

Sex attractant of the sugar beet wireworm, Limonius californicus.1

Definition

ChEBI: A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.

Preparation

By oxidation of n-amyl alcohol or, together with other isomers, by distillation of valerian roots; also by reacting butyl bromide and sodium cyanide with subsequent saponification of the formed butyl nitrile.

Aroma threshold values

Detection: 940 ppb to 3 ppm

Taste threshold values

Taste characteristics at 100 ppm: acidic, dairy-like with milky and cheese nuances.

Synthesis Reference(s)

Synthetic Communications, 26, p. 165, 1996 DOI: 10.1080/00397919608003877
Tetrahedron Letters, 31, p. 1257, 1990 DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)88779-1
Tetrahedron, 40, p. 3635, 1984 DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4020(01)88794-9

General Description

A colorless liquid with a penetrating unpleasant odor. Density 0.94 g / cm3. Freezing point -93.2°F (-34°C). Boiling point 365.7°F (185.4°C). Flash point 192°F (88.9°F). Corrosive to metals and tissue.

Air & Water Reactions

Water soluble.

Reactivity Profile

Valeric acid is a carboxylic acid. Exothermically neutralizes bases, both organic and inorganic, producing water and a salt. Can react with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt. Reacts with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide. Flammable and/or toxic gases and heat are generated by reaction with diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides. Reacts with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates and dithionites to generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat. Reacts with carbonates and bicarbonates to generate a harmless gas (carbon dioxide) but still heat. Can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents. These reactions generate heat. May initiate polymerization reactions. May catalyze (increase the rate of) chemical reactions.

Health Hazard

Corrosive. Very destructive to tissues of the mucous membranes, upper respiratory tract, eyes, and skin. Symptoms may include burning sensation, coughing, wheezing, laryngitis, shortness of breath, nausea and vomiting. Extremely destructive to skin. May be absorbed through the skin.

Fire Hazard

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Irritating vapors and toxic gases, such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, may be formed when involved in fire.

Flammability and Explosibility

Non flammable

Safety Profile

Moderately toxic by ingestion, intravenous, and subcutaneous routes. Mildly toxic by inhalation. A corrosive irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Combustible liquid. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. Used in perfumes.

Purification Methods

Water is removed from the acid by distillation using a Vigreux column (p 11), until the boiling point reaches 183o. A few crystals of KMnO4 are added, and after refluxing, the distillation is continued. [Andrews & Keefer J Am Chem Soc 83 3708 1961, Beilstein 2 H 299, 2 I 130, 2 II 263, 2 III 663, 2 IV 868.]