2,3-Butanedione Property

Melting point:

-4--2 °C

Boiling point:

88 °C(lit.)

Density 

0.985 g/mL at 20 °C

vapor density 

3 (vs air)

vapor pressure 

52.2 mm Hg ( 20 °C)

refractive index 

n20/D 1.394(lit.)

FEMA 

2370 | DIACETYL

Flash point:

45 °F

storage temp. 

Store at +2°C to +8°C.

solubility 

200g/l

form 

Liquid

color 

Clear yellow

Odor

at 1.00 % in propylene glycol. strong butter sweet creamy pungent caramel

Odor Type

buttery

Odor Threshold

0.00005ppm

explosive limit

2.4-13.0%(V)

Water Solubility 

200 g/L (20 ºC)

Merck 

14,2966

JECFA Number

408

BRN 

605398

Exposure limits

ACGIH: TWA 0.01 ppm; STEL 0.02 ppm
NIOSH: TWA 5 ppb; STEL 25 ppb

Stability:

Stable. Flammable. Incompatible with acids, strong bases, metals, reducing agents, oxidizing agents. Protect from moisture and water. Note low flashpoint.

InChIKey

QSJXEFYPDANLFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N

LogP

-1.340

CAS DataBase Reference

431-03-8(CAS DataBase Reference)

NIST Chemistry Reference

2,3-Butanedione(431-03-8)

EPA Substance Registry System

2,3-Butanedione (431-03-8)

Safety

Hazard Codes 

F,Xn

Risk Statements 

11-20/22-38-41-36/38-20/21/22-37/38

Safety Statements 

9-16-26-37/39-36/37/39-39

RIDADR 

UN 2346 3/PG 2

WGK Germany 

2

RTECS 

EK2625000

F 

13

Autoignition Temperature

365 °C

TSCA 

Yes

HazardClass 

3

PackingGroup 

II

HS Code 

29141990

Hazardous Substances Data

431-03-8(Hazardous Substances Data)

Toxicity

LD50 orally in rats: 1580 mg/kg (Jenner)

Hazard and Precautionary Statements (GHS)

Symbol(GHS)

Signal word

Danger

Hazard statements

H225Highly Flammable liquid and vapour

H302Harmful if swallowed

H315Causes skin irritation

H317May cause an allergic skin reaction

H318Causes serious eye damage

H331Toxic if inhaled

H373May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure

Precautionary statements

P210Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. — No smoking.

P280Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.

P301+P312IF SWALLOWED: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician IF you feel unwell.

P305+P351+P338IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continuerinsing.

P314Get medical advice/attention if you feel unwell.

2,3-Butanedione Chemical Properties,Usage,Production

Chemical Properties

Yellow to yellow green liquid, a creamy fragrance after bulk dilution (1mg/kg), high vapor pressure is, evaporate quickly at room temperature, melting point-3～-4℃， boiling point 87～88℃, flash point 13℃. Soluble in ethanol, ether, most non-volatile oil and propylene glycol, soluble in glycerin and water, insoluble in mineral oil. Natural products exist in laurel oil, ajawa oil, angelica root oil, raspberry, strawberry, cream, Wine etc. Because it is volatile, it only exists in in the primary distillate and distilled water.

Uses

Diacetyl (2,3-butanedione) is a naturally occurring product and can be found in numerous foods such as butter, milk, cheese, smoked or roasted meats, breads, fruits, vegetables, coffee, beer, and wine. Diacetyl is synthesized to be used as a food additive to impart a buttery flavor and has been designated as a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) substance with low acute toxicity (FDA, 1980). Desirable flavor concentrations in food are approximately 0.05–5.0 ppm and above that range it imparts a disagreeable taste. The most recognized recent use has been in microwave popcorn, but it has also been used for many other products (NTP, 1994, 2007). Diacetyl may be used in additives as a liquid, paste, or powder (Boylstein et al., 2006).
It meets GB 2760—1996 standards of edible spices for the moment. It is mainly used for the preparation of food essence like cream, cheese fermentation and coffee typed essence,used in milk, butter, margarine, cheese, sweets and other flavors, such as berry, caramel, chocolate, coffee, cherry, vanilla bean, honey, cocoa, fruit, wine, aroma, rum, nuts, almonds, ginger and so on. It can also be used in fresh fruit fragrance essence for makeup or new type essence in trace amount, and be used as gelatin hardening agent and photographic adhesive agent.

Content analysis

The content of 2,3-Butanedione is analyzed according to method 1(hydroxylamine method) of the aldehyde and ketone analyzing methods (OT-7). The sample weight is 500mg. The equivalent factor (e) in calculation is 21.52 .It is Fit to be analyzed using nonpolar column in GT-10-4.

Toxicity

Not specified by ADI (FAO/WHO，1994)
GRAS(FEMA；FDA，§184．1278，2000)

Quantity restrictions

FEMA(mg/kg)： FEMA(mg/kg)：soft drinks 2.5；cold drinks 5.9；sweets 21；bakery products44； puddings 19；chewing gum 35；shortening 11.

Production

In nature, Diacetyl exists widely in many Plant essential oils, such as iris oil, angelica oil, laurel oil, etc. It is the main component of butter and other natural products fragrance.
In industry, methyl ethyl ketone was treated with nitrite acid to generate diacetylmonoxime. Diacetylmonoxime is then decomposed by sulfuric acid to produce Butanedione.
Diacetyl can be obtained by chemical ionization method from high content of essential oil. Two parts of phosphoric acid were added to one part of essential oil to
produce crystalline adduct CH3CO-COCH3. Butanedione was released after the addition of water. Excessive addition of phosphoric acid will lead to liquid adduct product.
Diacetyl can be obtained by special fermentation of glucose.
Diacetyl can be synthesized using methyl ethyl ketone as raw material.
Diacetyl was oxidized by sodium nitrite in the presence of hydrochloric acid,
Then, the process of istillation is carried out after hydrolysis in the presence of sulfuric acid to produce Butanedione.

Description

2,3-Butanedione, also known as Diacetyl, is a reactive diketone in artificial butter flavors. It is a water-soluble and volatile, alpha-diketone compound that has a buttery odor. Diacetyl occurs naturally in plants, fruits, coffee, honey, cocoa, and dairy products. It is a natural by-product of fermentation and is found in beer and wine. Diacetyl is also present in cigarette smoke.
Diacetyl can be synthesized by converting 2-butanone to an isonitroso compound and then hydrolyzing it with hydrochloric acid. Other methods for producing diacetyl include oxidation of 2-butanone over a copper catalyst at 300°C and dehydrogenation of 2,3-butanediol over a copper or silver catalyst. In addition, diacetyl can be synthesized through the acid catalyzed condensation of 1-hydroxyacetone and formaldehyde. Naturally occurring diacetyl is also available from starter distillate, a by-product of dairy product fermentation. Although diacetyl and starter distillates are liquids, they can be converted to a powdered form by encapsulating them within a solid material to prevent volatility. Diacetyl in powdered form is also found in flavorings that have been spray dried. The boiling point of diacetyl is 88°C with a calculated vapor pressure of 55 mmHg at 20°C.

Chemical Properties

2,3-Butanedione has a very strong buttery odor in very dilute solution. It is a constituent of many fruit and food aromas and well-known as a constituent of butter. Many methods are known for itsmanufacture, for example, dehydrogenation of 2,3-butanediol with a copper chromite catalyst. Biotechnological production on an industrial scale is referred. It is used mainly in aromas for butter and roasted notes. Large quantities are used for flavoring margarine; small amounts are used in perfumes.

Occurrence

Reported in the oils of: Finnish pine, angelica and lavender; in the flowers of Polyalthia canangioides Boerl. var. angustifolia and Fagroea racemosa Jack. The following plants are also reported to contain diacetyl: Monodora grandiflora Benth., Magnolia tripetale L., Ximenia aegyptiaca L., Petasites fragrans Presl., various narcissi and tulips. It has been identified in certain types of wine, the natural aromas of raspberry and strawberry, and the oils of lavender, lavandin, Réunion geranium, Java citronella, and Cistus ladaniferus L. It is also reported to be found in ligonberry, guava, raspberry, strawberry, cabbage, peas, tomato, vinegar, various cheeses, yogurt, milk, butter, chicken, beef, mutton, pork, cognac, beer, wines, whiskies, tea and coffee.

Uses

2,3-Butanedione is a flavoring agent that is a clear yellow to yellowish green liquid with a strong pungent odor. It is chemically synthesized from methyl ethyl ketone. It is miscible in water, glycerin, alcohol, and ether, and in very dilute water solution it has a typical buttery odor and flavor. It is used as Carrier of aroma of butter, vinegar, coffee, and other foods. It is also used Inactivates aminopeptidase-N, precursor to α-diones, Cyclocondensation with amines has been used to form triazine and pteridine ring systems.

Definition

ChEBI: 2,3-Butanedione is an alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation. It has a role as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and an Escherichia coli metabolite.

Preparation

From methyl ethyl ketone by converting to the isonitroso compound and then decomposing to diacetyl by hydrolysis with HCl; by fermentation of glucose via methyl acetyl carbinol.

Application

2,3-Butanedione is very common in Nature, although usually in trace amounts only: in essential oils, flower absolutes, dairy products, meat and fruits, etc.
It finds some use in perfumery - mainly in the re-construction of essential oils (artificial essential oils and flower absolutes). Lavender, Lavandin, Bay, Orris and many other oils contain traces of this ketone.
Finds extensive use in flavor compositions, primarily in imitation Butter, Milk, Cream. Cheese, etc. Also in Berry flavors, Butterscotch, Caramel, Chocolate, CotTee, Cherry, Fruit, Honey, Liquor, Tobacco, Rum, Wine, Nut, Almond, Spice, Ginger Ale, Cream Soda, Vinegar, Vanilla, Buttermilk, etc.
Normal concentration in consumer product will be about 3 to 30 ppm, while it may be as high as 40 to 50 ppm in baked goods. imitation Butter may contain about 6 to 9 prm.

Aroma threshold values

Detection: 0.3 to 15 ppb: recognition: 5 ppb

Taste threshold values

Taste characteristics at 50 ppm: sweet, buttery, creamy and milky.

General Description

2,3-Butanedione appears as a clear colorless liquid with a strong?chlorine-like odor. Flash point 80 °F. Less dense than?water. Vapors heavier than air.

Air & Water Reactions

Highly flammable. Soluble in water.

Reactivity Profile

2,3-Butanedione is a flammable liquid, b.p. 88° C, moderately toxic. When heated to decomposition 2,3-Butanedione emits acrid smoke and fumes [Sax, 9th ed., 1996, p. 544].

Health Hazard

Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

Fire Hazard

HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

Toxicology

Diacetyl is an intensely yellowish or greenish-yellow mobile liquid. It has a very powerful and diffusive, pungent, buttery odor and typically used in flavor compositions, including butter, milk, cream, and cheese. Diacetyl was found to be mutagenic in Ames test conducted under various different conditions with Salmonella typhimurium strains. For example, diacetyl was mutagenic by TA100 in the absence of S9 metabolic activation at doses up to 40 mM/plate. It was mutagenic in a modified Ames assay in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100 with and without S9 activation. The acute oral LD50 of diacetyl in guinea pigs was calculated to be 990 mg/kg. The acute oral LD50 of diacetyl in male rats was calculated to be 3400 mg/kg, and in female rats, the LD50 was calculated to be 3000 mg/kg. When male and female rats were administered via gavage a daily dose of 1, 30, 90, or 540 mg/kg/day of diacetyl in water for 90 days, the high-dose produced anemia, decreased weight gain, increased water consumption, increased leukocyte count, and an increase in the relative weights of liver, kidneys, and adrenal and pituitary glands. The data for teratogenicity and carcinogenicity are not available. Although the FDA has affirmed diacetyl GRAS as a flavoring agent, low molecular weight carbonyls, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and glyoxal have been reported to possess a certain chronic toxicity.

Safety Profile

A poison by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes. A skin irritant. Human inhalation hazard in popcorn manufacture. Human mutation data reported. Flammable liquid. Dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame. To fight fire, use alcohol foam, CO2, dry chemical. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and fumes. See also KETONES.

Potential Exposure

Tumorigen,Drug, Mutagen, Primary Irritant. Butanedione is used as anaroma carrier food additive in butter, vinegar, coffee, andother foods.

First aid

If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove anycontact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seekmedical attention immediately. If this chemical contactsthe skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove fromexposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions,including resuscitation mask) if breathing hasstopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transferpromptly to a medical facility. When this chemical hasbeen swallowed, get medical attention. Give large quantities of water and induce vomiting. Do not make an unconscious person vomit.

Carcinogenicity

Diacetyl was tested for its ability to induce primary lung tumors in strain A/He mice. The mice received three IP injections of diacetyl per week for 8 weeks and were killed 24 weeks after the first injection. The total dose of diacetyl given was 1.7 or 8.4 g/kg. The number of lung tumors in diacetyl exposed mice was not significantly different from the control mice.
Inhalation carcinogenicity bioassays withWistar Han rats and B6C3F1 mice at exposure levels of 0, 12.5, 25, and 50 ppm are underway according to the National Toxicology Program.

Environmental Fate

Mechanisms of diacetyl-induced toxicity are not known, but some possible mechanisms of toxicity have been postulated. The adjacent carbonyl groups on diacetyl make it a reactive compound. In vitro studies have demonstrated that diacetyl can bind to arginine and inactivate proteins. The electron affinity of diacetyl suggests that it can undergo electron transfer activity, which can lead to oxidative stress by oxygen redox cycling. Redox cycling and oxidative stress may also be initiated during metabolism of diacetyl by DCXR (dicarbonyl/L-xylulose reductase). Reactive oxygen species are known to be produced from metabolic activation of dicarbonyl substrates by related carbonyl reductase enzymes in the presence of O2.

storage

Color Code—Red: Flammability Hazard: Storein a flammable liquid storage area or approved cabinetaway from ignition sources and corrosive and reactivematerials. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool,well-ventilated area. Sources of ignition, such as smokingand open flames, are prohibited where Butanedione isused, handled, or stored in a manner that could createa potential fire or explosion hazard. Metal containersinvolving the transfer of=gallons or more of butanedioneshould be grounded and bonded. Drums must be equippedwith self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs andflame arresters. Use only nonsparking tools and equipment,especially when opening and closing containers ofButanedione. Wherever butanedione is used, handled,manufactured, or stored, use explosion-proof electricalequipment and fittings.

Shipping

Butanedione must be labeled “FLAMMABLELIQUID.” It falls in Hazard Class 3 and Packing Group II.

Purification Methods

Dry biacetyl over anhydrous CaSO4, CaCl2 or MgSO4, then distil it in a vacuum under nitrogen, taking the middle fraction and storing it at Dry-Ice temperature in the dark (to prevent polymerization). [Beilstein 1 IV 3644.]

Toxicity evaluation

Diacetyl released to the environment is expected to be highly mobile in soil and is not expected to adsorb to suspended sediments and solids in water. Diacetyl is degraded by a bacterium tentatively identified as Pseudomonas. Bioconcentration of diacetyl by aquatic organisms is not likely. Diacetyl is expected to volatilize from soil and water surfaces, and diacetyl is likely to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. In the atmosphere, diacetyl is degraded by photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals and it undergoes photolysis.

Incompatibilities

Contact with oxidizers may cause fireand explosions. High heat may cause violent combustion orexplosion.