ChemicalBook > CAS DataBase List > Hydroquinone

Hydroquinone

Product Name
Hydroquinone
CAS No.
123-31-9
Chemical Name
Hydroquinone
Synonyms
HQ;QUINOL;Dihydroquinone;1,4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE;HYDROQUINON;Hidroquinone;p-Hydroquinone;HYDROXYQUINOL;1,4-HYDROQUINONE;Hydrochinon
CBNumber
CB6717931
Molecular Formula
C6H6O2
Formula Weight
110.11
MOL File
123-31-9.mol
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Hydroquinone Property

Melting point:
172-175 °C(lit.)
Boiling point:
285 °C(lit.)
Density 
1.32
vapor density 
3.81 (vs air)
vapor pressure 
1 mm Hg ( 132 °C)
refractive index 
1.6320
Flash point:
165 °C
storage temp. 
Store below +30°C.
solubility 
H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear
pka
10.35(at 20℃)
form 
Needle-Like Crystals or Crystalline Powder
color 
White to off-white
Odor
odorless
Water Solubility 
70 g/L (20 ºC)
Sensitive 
Air & Light Sensitive
Merck 
14,4808
BRN 
605970
Henry's Law Constant
(x 10-9 atm?m3/mol): <2.07 at 20 °C (approximate - calculated from water solubility and vapor pressure)
Exposure limits
NIOSH REL: 15-min ceiling 2, IDLH 50; OSHA PEL: TWA 2; ACGIH TLV: TWA 2 (adopted).
Stability:
Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases, oxygen, ferric salts. Light and air-sensitive. Discolours in air.
InChIKey
QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP
0.59 at 20℃
CAS DataBase Reference
123-31-9(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference
Hydroquinone(123-31-9)
IARC
3 (Vol. 15, Sup 7, 71) 1999
EPA Substance Registry System
Hydroquinone (123-31-9)
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Safety

Hazard Codes 
Xn,N
Risk Statements 
22-40-41-43-50-68-R68-R50-R43-R41-R40-R22
Safety Statements 
26-36/37/39-61-S61-S36/37/39-S26
RIDADR 
2662
WGK Germany 
3
RTECS 
MX3500000
Autoignition Temperature
930 °F
TSCA 
Yes
HazardClass 
9
PackingGroup 
III
HS Code 
29072210
Hazardous Substances Data
123-31-9(Hazardous Substances Data)
Toxicity
LD50 orally in rats: 320 mg/kg (Woodard)
IDLA
50 mg/m3
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Hazard and Precautionary Statements (GHS)

Symbol(GHS)
Signal word
Danger
Hazard statements

H302Harmful if swallowed

H318Causes serious eye damage

H341Suspected of causing genetic defects

H351Suspected of causing cancer

H410Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects

Precautionary statements

P202Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.

P273Avoid release to the environment.

P280Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.

P301+P312IF SWALLOWED: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician IF you feel unwell.

P305+P351+P338IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continuerinsing.

P308+P313IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention.

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N-Bromosuccinimide Price

Sigma-Aldrich
Product number
PHL80712
Product name
Hydroquinone
Purity
phyproof? Reference Substance
Packaging
100MG
Price
$262
Updated
2024/03/01
Sigma-Aldrich
Product number
8.22333
Product name
Hydroquinone
Purity
for synthesis
Packaging
250g
Price
$40.2
Updated
2024/03/01
Sigma-Aldrich
Product number
8.22333
Product name
Hydroquinone
Purity
for synthesis
Packaging
1kg
Price
$104
Updated
2024/03/01
Sigma-Aldrich
Product number
8.22333
Product name
Hydroquinone
Purity
for synthesis
Packaging
2.5kg
Price
$209
Updated
2024/03/01
Sigma-Aldrich
Product number
8.22333
Product name
Hydroquinone
Purity
for synthesis
Packaging
25kg
Price
$1090
Updated
2024/03/01
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Hydroquinone Chemical Properties,Usage,Production

Description

Hydroquinone (HQ) is produced by the oxidation of aniline or phenol, by the reduction of quinone, or from a reaction of acetylene and carbon monoxide. Hydroquinone occurs naturally as a glucose ether, also known as arbutin, in the leaves of many plants and in fruits, as well as one of the agents used in the defense mechanism of the bombardier beetle, family Carabidae.

Chemical Properties

white needle-like crystals or crystalline powder

Chemical Properties

Hydroquinone, a colorless, hexagonal prism, has been reported to be a good antimitotic and tumor-inhibiting agent. It is a reducing agent used in a photographic developer, which polymerizes in the presence of oxidizing agents. In the manufacturing industry it may occur include bacteriostatic agent, drug, fur processing, motor fuel, paint, organic chemicals, plastics, stone coating, and styrene monomers.

Physical properties

Colorless to pale brown, odorless, hexagonal crystals

Originator

Quinnone,Dermohr,US,1980

Uses

reducing agent prevents polymerization of resin monomers lightens darkened skin, light sensitive

Uses

Use as photographic reducer and developer; as reagent in the determination of small quantities of phosphate; as antioxidant. Depigmentor

Uses

hydroquinone is a pigment-lightening agent used in bleaching creams. Hydroquinone combines with oxygen very rapidly and becomes brown when exposed to air. Although it occurs naturally, the synthetic version is the one commonly used in cosmetics. Application to the skin may cause allergic reaction and increase skin sun sensitivity. Hydroquinone is potentially carcinogenic and is associated with causing ochronosis, a discoloration of the skin. The u.S. FDA has banned hydroquinone from oTC cosmetic formulations, but allows 4 percent in prescription products. Its use in cosmetics is prohibited in some european countries and in Australia.

Uses

K channel agonist, antihypertensive

Uses

Photographic reducer and developer; antioxidant; stabilizing agent for some polymers; intermediate in the manufacturing of some dyes and pigments; in cosmetic formulations.

Definition

ChEBI: A benzenediol comprising benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents para to each other.

Indications

Hydroquinone interferes with the production of the pigment melanin by epidermal melanocytes through at least two mechanisms: it competitively inhibits tyrosinase, one of the principal enzymes responsible for converting tyrosine to melanin, and it selectively damages melanocytes and melanosomes (the organelles within which melanin is stored).

Production Methods

There are three current manufacturing processes for HQ: oxidative cleavage of diisopropylbenzene, oxidation of aniline, and hydroxylation of phenol.
Diisopropylbenzene is air oxidized to the intermediate diisopropylbenzene bishydroperoxide. This hydroperoxide is purified by extraction and reacted further to form hydroquinone. The purified product is isolated by filtration and packaged. The process can be almost entirely closed, continuous, computer-controlled, and monitored.
HQcan also be prepared by oxidizing aniline to quinone in the presence of manganese dioxide and sulfuric acid. p-Benzoquinone is then reduced to HQ using iron oxide. The resulting hydroquinone is crystallized and dried. The process occurs in a closed system.
HQis also manufactured by hydroxylation of phenol using hydrogen peroxide as a hydroxylation agent. The reaction is catalyzed by strong mineral acids or ferrous or cobalt salts.

Manufacturing Process

Into a pressure reactor there was charged 100 ml of methanol and 1 g of diruthenium nonacarbonyl. The reactor was closed, cooled in solid carbon dioxide/acetone, and evacuated. Acetylene, to the extent of 1 mol (26 g), was metered into the cold reactor. Carbon monoxide was then pressured into this vessel at 835-980 atmospheres, during a period of 16.5 hours; while the reactor was maintained at 100°C to 150°C. The reactor was then cooled to room temperature and opened.
The reaction mixture was removed from the vessel and distilled at a pressure of 30-60 mm, and a bath temperature of 30°C to 50°C until the methanol had all been removed. The extremely viscous tarry residue remaining in the still pot was given a very crude distillation, the distillate boiling at 82°C to 132°C/2 mm. In an attempt to purify this distillate by a more careful distillation, 5.3 g of a liquid distilling from 53°C to 150°C/5 mm was collected. At this point, much solid sublimate was noted not only in this distillate but in the condenser of the still. 7 g of the solid sublimate was scraped out of the condenser of the still. Recrystallization of the sublimate from ethyl acetate containing a small amount of petroleum ether gave beautiful crystals melting at 175°C to 177°C (5 g). Infrared analysis confirmed that this compound was hydroquinone (9% conversion).

brand name

Aida;Ambi- skin tone;Black and white;Creme des 3 fleur d'orient;Eldopaque forte;Eldoquin forte 4% cream;Epocler;Esoterica facial;Esoterica regular;Esoterica sensitive skin;Esoterica sunscreen;Melanex topical sollution;Melpaque hp;Melqui hp;Neostrata aha gel;Neostrata hq;Nuquin hp;Pigmanorm;Porcelana;Sinquin;Solaquin forte sun bleaching;Superfade age spot;Ultraquin plaine.

Therapeutic Function

Depigmentor

World Health Organization (WHO)

Hydroquinone was introduced in 1965 as a topical depigmenting agent for hyperpigmentation. At high concentrations hydroquinone is corrosive and in most countries has been restricted to the level of approximately 2% and limited to the period of less than 2 months. Additional consideration for restrictive action is that animal experiments have also demonstrated carcinogenic and mutagenic potential of hydroquinone.

Synthesis Reference(s)

Chemistry Letters, 14, p. 731, 1985
The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 50, p. 1722, 1985
Tetrahedron Letters, 22, p. 2337, 1981 DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4039(01)82900-2

General Description

Light colored crystals or solutions. May irritate the skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Mildly toxic by ingestion or skin absorption.

Air & Water Reactions

Darkens on exposure to air and light. Miscible in water. Solutions become brown in air due to oxidation. Oxidation is very rapid in the presence of alkali.

Reactivity Profile

Hydroquinone is a slight explosion hazard when exposed to heat. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Also incompatible with bases. Hydroquinone reacts with oxygen and sodium hydroxide. Reacts with ferric salts . Hot and/or concentrated NaOH can cause Hydroquinone to decompose exothermically at elevated temperature. (NFPA Pub. 491M, 1975, 385)

Hazard

Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, irritant. Questionable carcinogen.

Health Hazard

Exposures to hydroquinone in large quantities by accidental oral ingestion produce toxicity and poisoning. The symptoms of poisoning include, but are not limited to, blurred speech, tinnitus, tremors, sense of suffocation, vomiting, muscular twitching, headache, convul- sions, dyspnea and cyanosis from methemoglobinemia, coma, and collapse from respira- tory failure. Occupational workers should be allowed to work with protective clothing and dust masks with full-face or goggles to protect the eyes, and under proper management.

Health Hazard

Hydroquinone is very toxic; the probable oral lethal dose for humans is 50-500 mg/kg, or between 1 teaspoon and 1 ounce for a 150 lb. person. It is irritating but not corrosive. Fatal human doses have ranged from 5-12 grams, but 300-500 mg have been ingested daily for 3-5 months without ill effects. Death is apparently initiated by respiratory failure or anoxia.

Fire Hazard

Dust cloud may explode if ignited in an enclosed area. Hydroquinone can react with oxidizing materials and is rapidly oxidized in the presence of alkaline materials. Oxidizes in air.

Flammability and Explosibility

Non flammable

Contact allergens

Hydroquinone is used in photography developers (black and white, X-ray, and microfilms), in plastics, in hair dyes as an antioxidant and hair colorant. Hydroquinone is found in many skin bleaching creams.

Clinical Use

Hydroquinone is applied topically to treat disorders characterized by excessive melanin in the epidermis, such as melasma. In the United States, nonprescription skin-lightening products contain hydroquinone at concentrations of 2% or less; higher concentrations are available by prescription.

Side effects

The incidence of adverse effects with hydroquinone increases in proportion to its concentration. A relatively common side effect is local irritation, which may actually exacerbate the discoloration of the skin being treated. Allergic contact dermatitis occurs less commonly. A rare but more serious complication is exogenous ochronosis, in which a yellow-brown pigment deposited in the dermis results in blue-black pigmentation of the skin that may be permanent.

Potential Exposure

Tumorigen,Mutagen; Reproductive Effector; Human Data; PrimaryImritant. Hydroquinone is a reducing agent and is used as anindustrial chemical, chemical intermediate, pharmaceutical,and veterinary drug; as a photographic developer; and as anantioxidant or stabilizer for certain materials, which polymer-ize in the presence of oxidizing agents. Many of its derivativesare used as bacteriostatic agents, and others, particularly 2,5- bis(ethyleneimino) hydroquinone, have been reported to begood antibiotic and tumor-inhibiting agents.

First aid

If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove anycontact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek med-ical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts theskin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediatelywith soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately. Ifthis chemical has been inhaled, remove from ex posure,begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, includ-ing resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR ifheart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medicalfacility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medi-cal attention. Give large quantities of water and inducevomiting. Do not make an unconscious person vomit.

Carcinogenicity

No case reports of cancer associated with HQ exposure have been published.

Source

Hydroquinone occurs naturally in strawberry tree leaves, pears, blackberries, Chinese alpenrose, bilberries, blackberries, hyacinth flowers, anise, cowberries, and lingonberries (Duke, 1992).

Environmental Fate

Biological. In activated sludge, 7.5% mineralized to carbon dioxide after 5 d (Freitag et al., 1985). Under methanogenic conditions, inocula from a municipal sewage treatment plant digester degraded hydroquinone to phenol prior to being mineralized to carbon dioxide and methane (Young and Rivera, 1985). In various pure cultures, hydroquinone degraded to the following intermediates: benzoquinone, 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone, and β-ketoadipic acid. Hydroquinone also degraded in activated sludge but no products were identified (Harbison and Belly, 1982). Heukelekian and Rand (1955) reported a 5-d BOD value of 0.74 g/g which is 39.2% of the ThOD value of 1.89 g/g. In activated sludge inoculum, following a 20-d adaptation period, 90.0% COD removal was achieved. The average rate of biodegradation was 54.2 mg COD/g?h (Pitter, 1976).
Photolytic. A carbon dioxide yield of 53.7% was achieved when hydroquinone adsorbed on silica gel was irradiated with light (λ >290 nm) for 17 h (Freitag et al., 1985). Chemical/Physical. Ozonolysis products reported are p-quinone and dibasic acids (Verschueren, 1983). Moussavi (1979) studied the autoxidation of hydroquinone in slightly alkaline (pH 7 to 9) aqueous solutions at room temperature. The oxidation of hydroquinone by oxygen followed first-order kinetics that yielded hydrogen peroxide and p-quinone as products. At pH values of 7.0, 8.0, and 9.0, the calculated half-lives of this reaction were 111, 41, and 0.84 h, respectively (Moussavi, 1979).
Chlorine dioxide reacted with hydroquinone in an aqueous solution forming p-benzoquinone (Wajon et al., 1982). Kanno et al. (1982) studied the aqueous reaction of hydroquinone and other substituted aromatic hydrocarbons (aniline, toluidine, 1- and 2-naphthylamine, phenol, cresol, pyrocatechol, resorcinol, and 1-naphthol) with hypochlorous acid in the presence of ammonium ion. They reported that the aromatic ring was not chlorinated as expected but was cleaved by chloramine forming cyanogen chloride. As the pH was lowered, the amount of cyanogen chloride formed increased (Kanno et al., 1982).
At influent concentrations of 1.0, 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 mg/L, the GAC adsorption capacities were 160, 90, 51, and 29 mg/g, respectively (Dobbs and Cohen, 1980).

storage

(1) Color Code-- Yellow Stripe (strong reducingagent): Reactivity Hazard; Store separately inan area iso-lated from flammables, combustibles, or other yellow-codedmaterials. (2) Color Code- _Blue: Health Hazard/Poison:Store in a secure poison location. Prior to working with thischemical you should be trained on its proper handling andstorage. Hydroquinone must be stored to avoid contact withsodium hydroxide since violent reactions occur. Store intightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated areaaway from oxidizing materials. Where possible, automati-cally pump liquid from drums or other storage containers toprocess containers.

Shipping

This compound requires aa shipping label of“POISONOUS/TOXIC MATERIALS.”It falls in HazardClass 6.1 and Packing Group II.

Purification Methods

Crystallise quinol from acetone, *benzene, EtOH, EtOH/*benzene, water or acetonitrile (25g in 30mL), preferably under nitrogen. Dry it under vacuum. [Wolfenden et al. J Am Chem Soc 109 463 1987, Beilstein 6 H 836, 6 IV 5712.]

Toxicity evaluation

Benzene, phenol, and hydroquinone are metabolized in vivo to benzoquinone and excreted as the mercapturate, N-acetyl-S- (2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-L-cysteine. Hydroquinone is a reducing cosubstrate for peroxidase enzymes, and the resultant semiquinone and p-benzoquinone may bind to DNA.

Incompatibilities

Hydroquinone is a reducing agent. Dustforms an explosive mixture with air. May explode on con-tact with oxygen. Incompatible with strong oxidizers, caus-tics; reacts violently with sodium hydroxide. May beoxidized to quinone at room temperatures in the presence ofmoi sture.

Hydroquinone Preparation Products And Raw materials

Raw materials

Oxalic acid ZINC Aniline sulfate Manganese dioxide Manganese Bisphenol A Aniline Catechol Iron 1,4-Benzoquinone Activated carbon Sulfuric acid Sodium metabisulfite

Preparation Products

Chloral hydrate tert-Butylhydroquinone 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroaniline ethyl 3,3-dimethylpent-4-en-1-oate Fluazifop-P-butyl Hydroxypropyl acrylate 1-(2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-2-oximino-1-propanone 7-HYDROXYISOFLAVONE 4-CHLORO-8-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)QUINOLINE Butylated hydroxyanisole enbucrilate 2-AMINO-1-(2,5-DIMETHOXYPHENYL)-1-PROPANONE Pirenoxine X-PHOS 3-METHYL-2,5-DIHYDROTHIOPHENE-1,1-DIOXIDE 2-[N-(2-Cyanoethyl)-4-[(2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenyl)azo]anilino]ethyl acetate ammonium manganous sulfate 1,2,4-Trimethoxybenzene Chloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)iridium(I) dimer 3-SULFOLENE Fluazifop-butyl 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate methyl(±)cis，trans-2，2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1-propenyl cyclopropane carboxylate) N-NONYL ACRYLATE Fast Blue BB 2,3-DIMETHYL-1,3-BUTADIENE 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 4-[(6-Chloro-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)oxy]phenol 4-Phenoxyphenol 1,4-Dimethoxybenzene 1,4-Diacetoxybenzene 2-CHLOROPYRIMIDINE-4-CARBONITRILE 2,5-Dimethoxyaniline 2,5-Di-tert-butylhydroquinone Ethyl chrysanthemumate Quizalofop-p-ethyl 1,2-NAPHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE Allyl hexanoate (1,1-DIMETHYL-PROP-2-YNYL)-HYDRAZINE 4-Acetoxystyrene
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Hydroquinone Suppliers

Americas 1 Argentina 1 Australia 4 Belgium 9 Brazil 2 Canada 6 China 512 Czech 1 Czech Republic 3 Europe 6 France 6 Germany 29 Hungary 1 India 124 Italy 3 Japan 19 Jordan 1 Malaysia 1 Mexico 6 Norway 1 Poland 2 Russia 1 Singapore 1 Slovakia 1 South Korea 1 Spain 3 Sweden 1 Switzerland 3 The Netherlands 8 Ukraine 2 United Arab Emirates 1 United Kingdom 20 United States 118 Global 898
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400-8706899
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022-65378550-8551
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+86-022-2532-9655
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010-51268198
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010-63833209
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021-58958189
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2671
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021-021-56795766
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View Lastest Price from Hydroquinone manufacturers

Shaanxi Dideu Medichem Co. Ltd
Product
Hydroquinone 123-31-9
Price
US $1.10/g
Min. Order
1g
Purity
99.0% min
Supply Ability
100 tons min
Release date
2021-05-25
Wuhan Boyuan Import & Export Co., LTD
Product
Hydroquinone 123-31-9
Price
US $10.00/KG
Min. Order
100KG
Purity
99.9%
Supply Ability
100Ton/month
Release date
2019-07-05
Wuhan Boyuan Import & Export Co., LTD
Product
Bromfenac sodium 123-31-9
Price
US $10.00/KG
Min. Order
100KG
Purity
99.9%
Supply Ability
100Ton/month
Release date
2019-07-05

123-31-9, HydroquinoneRelated Search:

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