2-Nitropropane
2-Nitropropane Basic information
- Product Name:
- 2-Nitropropane
- Synonyms:
-
- 2-Nitropane (I, T)
- Propane, 2-nitro- (I, T)
- 2-Nitropropane,96%
- 2-Nitropropane, synthesis grade
- b-nitropropane
- Dimethylnitromethane
- i-C3H7NO2
- Nipar S-20
- CAS:
- 79-46-9
- MF:
- C3H7NO2
- MW:
- 89.09
- EINECS:
- 201-209-1
- Product Categories:
-
- Building Blocks
- Chemical Synthesis
- Organics
- Nitro Compounds
- Nitrogen Compounds
- Organic Building Blocks
- Nitro Compounds
- Nitrogen Compounds
- Organic Building Blocks
- Mol File:
- 79-46-9.mol
2-Nitropropane Chemical Properties
- Melting point:
- -93 °C
- Boiling point:
- 120 °C(lit.)
- Density
- 0.992 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
- vapor density
- ~3 (vs air)
- vapor pressure
- ~13 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
- refractive index
- n20/D 1.394(lit.)
- Flash point:
- 99 °F
- storage temp.
- Flammables area
- solubility
- H2O: slightly soluble
- pka
- pK1:7.675 (25°C)
- form
- Liquid
- Water Solubility
- 1.7 g/100 mL (20 ºC)
- Merck
- 14,6628
- BRN
- 1740684
- Henry's Law Constant
- 8.92 at 20.00 °C, 15.3 at 30.00 °C, 24.4 at 40.00 °C, 36.9 at 50.00 °C (inert gas stripping, Bene? and Dohnal, 1999)
- Exposure limits
- Potential occupational carcinogen. NIOSH REL: IDLH 100 ppm; OSHA PEL: TWA 25 ppm (90 mg/m3); ACGIH TLV: TWA 10 ppm (adopted).
- Stability:
- Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases, copper.
- CAS DataBase Reference
- 79-46-9(CAS DataBase Reference)
- IARC
- 2B (Vol. 29, Sup 7, 71) 1999
- NIST Chemistry Reference
- Propane, 2-nitro-(79-46-9)
- EPA Substance Registry System
- 2-Nitropropane (79-46-9)
Safety Information
- Hazard Codes
- T
- Risk Statements
- 45-10-20/22-68-52/53
- Safety Statements
- 53-45-61-36/37
- RIDADR
- UN 2608 3/PG 3
- WGK Germany
- 3
- RTECS
- TZ5250000
- Autoignition Temperature
- 802 °F
- HazardClass
- 3.2
- PackingGroup
- III
- HS Code
- 29042000
- Hazardous Substances Data
- 79-46-9(Hazardous Substances Data)
- Toxicity
- Acute oral LD50 for rats 720 mg/kg (quoted, RTECS, 1985).
MSDS
- Language:English Provider:2-Nitropropane
- Language:English Provider:ACROS
- Language:English Provider:SigmaAldrich
2-Nitropropane Usage And Synthesis
Description
2-Nitropropane (2-NP) is a clear colourless liquid with a pleasant odour. 2-NP is soluble in many organic solvents including chloroform. Its vapours may form an explosive mixture with air. 2-NP is primarily used as a solvent for organic compounds, coatings, inks, dyes, adhesives, and vinyl resins. Application of 2-NP improves drying time, insures more complete solvent release, provides better flow characteristics, and insures greater pigment dispersion (1,2,3,5). 2-NP has a minor use as an additive in explosives, propellants, and fuels (in racing cars). It also has limited use as a paint and varnish remover. 2-NP serves as an intermediate in the synthesis of some pharmaceuticals, dyes, insecticides, and textile chemicals. It is used for coatings as with vinyl, epoxy paints, nitrocellulose, and chlorinated rubber, in printing inks, adhesives, printing as flexographic inks, maintenance with traffic markings on roads and highways, shipbuilding and maintenance, in furniture, and plastic industries. 2-NP is also used as a solvent in food processing industries for fractionation of a partially saturated vegetable oil. Because of its large-scale use pattern, human exposure to 2-NP has become a health concern.
Chemical Properties
2-Nitropropane(2-NP) is an aliphatic nitro compound. It is a colorless, oily, and flammable liquid with a mild fruity odor. Soluble in water 1.7 mL/100 mL (20C); solubility of water in 2-nitropropane 0.6 cc/100 cc (20C); miscible with organic solvents.
As other nitroalkane, 2-NP exists in tautomeric equilibrium with its nitronic acid isomers (protonated and anionic aci forms).The aci form is amphoterically reactive, the protonated form being electrophilic and the anionic form being nucleophilic.
Chemical Properties
2-Nitropropane exists in equilibrium with 2-propane nitronic acid (HSDB 1988). A 0.01 M aqueous solution has a pH of 6.2. 2-Nitropropane reacts with inorganic bases and amines to form salts which are flammable when dry. 2-Nitropropane is sensitive to detonation when mixed with oxidizers and a mixture of the chemical with ammonium nitrate is a commercial explosive.
Physical properties
Colorless, oily liquid with a mild, fruity odor. 2-Nitropropane was detected in two studies at concentrations of 3.1 and 5.2 ppmv (Crawford et al., 1984).
Uses
Industrial solvent; chemical intermediate; component in inks and paints
Uses
Several nitroalkanes, including nitromethane, nitroethane, 1-nitropropane (1-NP), and 2-nitropropane (2-NP) have been commercially available since 1940. By virtue of their unusual spectrum of industrially desirable properties, their production has rapidly increased for many applications. 2-NP is used widely as a specialty solvent for coatings, printing inks, paints, varnishes, and adhesives. It has also been used as an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, pesticides, textile chemicals, and pharmaceutics, and an additive in explosives, propellants, and fuels.
Solvent (especially for vinyl and epoxy coatings), chemical synthesis, rocket propellant, gasoline additive.
Definition
A solvent.
Production Methods
Like 1-nitropropane, 2-nitropropane is produced by vapor-phase nitration of propane with nitric acid at elevated temperature and pressure (Baker and Bollmeier 1978). U.S. production in 1977 was put at 30 million pounds (Finklea 1977). Amounts in use have been greatly reduced in recent times because of concern about its carcinogenic potential.
General Description
Colorless liquid with a mild fruity odor. May float on or sink in water.
Air & Water Reactions
Highly flammable.
Reactivity Profile
2-Nitropropane is sensitive to heat. Can react with amines/heavy metal oxides, strong acids, strong alkalis, and chlorosulfonic acid. . The heat of adsorption of 2-Nitropropane on carbon, such as that found in cartridge respirators, is extremely high. Metal oxide catalysts, such as copper oxide or manganese oxide, can initiate ignition, therefore carbon respirators should not be used in environments that have a high vapor concentration of 2-Nitropropane.
Hazard
Flammable, dangerous fire risk, moderate explosion hazard when shocked or heated. Liver damage and liver cancer. Possible carcinogen.
Health Hazard
2-Nitropropane is a lung irritant (HSDB 1988). The acute effects of exposure to
2-nitropropane at 20-45 p.p.m. on workmen were anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea and severe occipital headache. Complete recovery occurred overnight
(Skinner 1947). Hine et al (1978) reported 4 fatalities after exposure of workmen
to products containing 11-28% 2-nitropropane. In all 4 cases, the men had been
working in confined spaces with poor ventilation for several hours. Presenting
symptoms were nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, dyspnea, chest pain and
abdominal pain. Over the next 2 days the patients' condition deteriorated with death occurring within 6-10 d after exposure. The characteristic post-mortem
findings were extensive hepatic necrosis and gastrointestinal bleeding. Hine et al
(1978) were careful to point out that the only evidence for the involvement of
2-nitropropane was that it was the sole common component of the different
products to which the workmen had been exposed.
Two epidemiological studies suggest that no adverse health effects arise as a
result of chronic exposure of humans to 2-nitropropane. However, cautious
interpretation of the results of both studies is required. Data were gathered from
relatively small numbers of subjects who had, in most cases, been exposed to
2-nitropropane for less than 15-20 years. One study included 1481 employees
from a 2-nitropropane production plant (NIOSH 1979), while Crawford et al
(1985) studied 46 employees of a 2-nitropropane recycling plant, only 18 of whom
were considered to have had potential contact with 2-nitropropane.
Fire Hazard
Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic oxides of nitrogen may form in fire.
Industrial uses
Solvent systems containing 2-nitropropane are used in various coatings, including vinyl, epoxy paints, nitrocellulose and chlorinated rubber, printing inks and adhesives. When mixed with oxidizers, it is used in explosives (HSDB 1988).
Safety Profile
Confirmed carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic, tumorigenic, and teratogenic data. Poison by intraperitoneal route. Moderately toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Human systemic effects by inhalation: anorexia, hypermothty, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting. An experimental teratogen. Other experimental reproductive effects. Mutation data reported. Can cause liver and kidney injury, methemoglobinemia, and cyanosis. Very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, open flame, or oxidizers. May explode on heating. Violent reactions with chlorosulfonic acid, oleum. May react with amines + heavy metal oxides (e.g., mercury oxide or silver oxide) to form explosive salts. May ignite on contact with mixtures of carbon + hopcalite, whch are used in some respirators. Hopcalite is a catalyst consisting of coprecipitated copper(Ⅱ) oxide and manganese0 oxide. To fight fire, use alcohol foam, CO2, dry chemical, water spray. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx.
Potential Exposure
2-Nitropropane is used as a solvent for polymers, organic compounds; cellulose, esters; gums,vinyl resins; waxes, epoxy resins, fats, dyes, and chlorinated rubber; as a stabilizer. Its combustion properties have made it useful as a rocket propellant and as a gasoline and diesel fuel additive. 2-Nitropropane also has limited use as a paint and varnish remover. It serves as an intermediate in organic synthesis of some pharmaceuticals; dyes, insecticides, and textile chemicals.
Carcinogenicity
2-Nitropropane is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogenbased on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.
Environmental Fate
Photolytic. Anticipated products from the reaction of 2-nitropropane with ozone or OH radicals in the atmosphere are formaldehyde and acetaldehyde (Cupitt, 1980).
Metabolism
After exposure of male Sprague-Dawley rats to 2-nitropropane (200 p.p.m. by
inhalation, or 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally) the major pathway of elimination was by
exhalation. Carbon dioxide, acetone and isopropanol were the major metabolites.
Exhalation was also the major route of elimination after a dose of 10 mg/kg to
chimpanzees (Muller et al 1983). Nonlinear elimination of 2-nitropropane was
suggested by studies in which male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed by
inhalation to doses of 20 or 154 p.p.m. radiolabeled 2-nitropropane for 6 h (Nolan
et al 1982). Average blood 2-nitropropane concentrations immediately following
the 20 and 154 p.p.m. exposures were 0.6 and 7.1 μg/ml, respectively. Furthermore,
raising the dose from 20 to 154 p.p.m. caused a greater fraction of the
radioactivity to be excreted as unchanged 2-nitropropane. The dose-dependent
changes in the elimination of 2-nitropropane may account, at least in part, for the
increase in toxicity observed in rats exposed to large concentrations of 2-nitropropane
(Lewis et al 1979).
Analysis of incubations of 2-nitropropane with liver microsomes of phenobarbital
or 3-methylcholanthrene pretreated male Sprague-Dawley rats indicated that
oxidative denitrification of 2-nitropropane produced acetone and nitrite (Ullrich et
al 1978). This effect seems not to be dependent on pretreatment with a cytochrome
P-450 inducer in other species or strains, since the hepatic microsomes from 5
strains of untreated mice all showed significant, but variable, NADPH-dependent
ability to release nitrite from 2-nitropropane (Marker and Kulkarni 1985). Ullrich
and coworkers (1978) considered that the reduction of the nitro group of 2-nitropropane
to form 2-aminopropane was unlikely, at least in vitro, since the rate of
oxidative denitrification of 2-nitropropane was unaltered in microsomal incubations
under reduced oxygen tension. Whether any significant nitro group reduction
of 2-nitropropane occurs in vivo to produce potentially reactive metabolites is
unknown. Speck et al (1982), however, have shown that 2-aminopropane is not
mutagenic in Salmonella tester strains.
Shipping
UN2608 Nitropropanes, Hazard Class: 3; Labels: 3-Flammable liquid.
Purification Methods
Purify it as for nitromethane. [Beilstein 1 IV 230.]
Incompatibilities
1-Nitropropane, a nitroparaffin compound, forms explosive mixture with air. Contact with heavy metal oxides may cause decomposition. Mixtures with hydrocarbons are extremely flammable. Attacks some plastics, rubber and coatings. May explode on heating. Violent reaction with strong bases; strong acids and metal oxides. Shock-sensitive compounds are formed with acids, amines, inorganic bases and heavy metal oxides. Incompatible with strong oxidizers, combustible materials. 2-Nitropropane reacts with activated carbon causing decomposition. This reaction may occur in activated carbon respirator filters.
Waste Disposal
Incineration: large quantities of material may require nitrogen oxide removal by catalytic or scrubbing processes. Dilute with pure kerosene and burn with care as it is potentially explosive. Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal.
2-Nitropropane Preparation Products And Raw materials
Preparation Products
Raw materials
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