1-HYDROXYCLOBUT-1-ENE-3,4-DIONE SODIUM SALT Chemical Properties

Flash point:

2℃

storage temp. 

2-8°C

solubility 

≤10mg/ml in H2O

form 

Light yellow powder.

color 

Light yellow to yellow

Safety Information

Hazard Codes 

T,Xn,F

Risk Statements 

25-36-20/21/22-11

Safety Statements 

45-36/37-16

RIDADR 

UN 2811 6.1/PG 2

WGK Germany 

3

RTECS 

GU1815000

HS Code 

29144000

1-HYDROXYCLOBUT-1-ENE-3,4-DIONE SODIUM SALT Usage And Synthesis

Chemical Properties

Solid

Uses

Moniliformin is a potent, water-soluble mycotoxin produced by several species of Fusarium. Comparative toxicity studies of moniliformin in chicken cell lines revealed no toxicity to chondrocytes and macrophages, but toxicity to splenocytes, cardiac and skeletal myocytes. Moniliformin selectively inhibits mitochondrial oxidization of pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate, however the mode of action is not yet completely resolved.

Uses

Moniliformin sodium salt from Fusarium proliferatum has been used as a mycotoxin standard:

• to test its acute oral toxicity in mice
• to test its subacute toxic effects in rats
• in characterizing mycotoxins from Aspergillus

General Description

Moniliformin (MON), a mycotoxin and small ionic molecule, is present in various Fusarium species including Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium subglutinans and Fusarium proliferatum. It is present as sodium or potassium salt of semisquaric acid naturally. MON is also present in maize and small-grain cereals.

Biological Activity

moniliformin induces mitotic arrest at the metaphase stage.mitosis is a part of the cell cycle when replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. the process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next.

Biochem/physiol Actions

Moniliformin (MON) is implicated for its toxic potential and may lead to respiratory distress and progressive muscular weakness in rats. It inhibits the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle oxidation step. By acting as a pyruvate substrate, MON effectively inhibits thiamine pyrophosphate cofactor dependant enzymes and blocks the gluconeogenesis pathway. ) Furthermore, MON also inhibits glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase leading to oxidative stress in myoblast.

in vitro

moniliformin, first isolated as a mycotoxin from fusarium moniliforme, was found to be phytotoxic and arrests mitosis of maize root meristematic cells at the metaphase stage. the mitotic spindle could be disrupted by the treatment of moniliformin, but no direct effect on tubulin had been observed [1].

in vivo

a previous study was conducted on rat heart to in situ determine the myocardial toxicity of moniliformin, originally isolated from mouldy corn and soil samples in the keshan disease prevalent area in china. results showed that perfusion of moniliformin 10-7 mol/liter in isolated heart decreased myocardial contractile force by 52%. intravenous injection of moniliformin at 1/6 and 1/4 ld50 could markedly inhibit cardiac hemodynamic variables associated with myocardial contractile function. moreover, moniliformin was able to decrease +/- lv dp/dt max by 52%, and induce ventricular arrhythmia. these findings indicated that moniliformin was toxic to mammalian heart and might be an important factor relative to keshan disease [2].

References

[1] duke, s. o. and dayan, f.e. modes of action of microbially-produced phytotoxins. toxins (basel) 3(8), 1038-1064 (2011).
[2] fan ll, li j, sun lh. effect of moniliformin on myocardial contractility in rats. biomed environ sci. 1991 sep;4(3):290-4.

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