Amlodipine Chemical Properties

Melting point:

178-179°C

Boiling point:

527.2±50.0 °C(Predicted)

Density 

1.227±0.06 g/cm3(Predicted)

RTECS 

US7968329

storage temp. 

Keep in dark place,Inert atmosphere,Store in freezer, under -20°C

solubility 

Soluble in DMSO (up to 25 mg/ml), in DMF (up to 25 mg/ml) or in Ethanol (up to 25 mg/ml).

pka

pKa 8.6 (Uncertain)

form 

Almost white crystal powder

color 

White

Water Solubility 

75.3 mg/L

BCS Class

1

Stability:

Stable for 1 year from date of purchase as supplied. Solutions in DMSO, DMF, or ethanol may be stored at -20°C for up to 3 months.

InChI

InChI=1S/C20H25ClN2O5/c1-4-28-20(25)18-15(11-27-10-9-22)23-12(2)16(19(24)26-3)17(18)13-7-5-6-8-14(13)21/h5-8,17,23H,4,9-11,22H2,1-3H3

InChIKey

HTIQEAQVCYTUBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N

SMILES

C1(COCCN)NC(C)=C(C(OC)=O)C(C2=CC=CC=C2Cl)C=1C(OCC)=O

CAS DataBase Reference

88150-42-9(CAS DataBase Reference)

EPA Substance Registry System

3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 2-[(2-aminoethoxy)methyl]-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-, 3-ethyl 5-methyl ester (88150-42-9)

Safety Information

RIDADR 

UN2811

HazardClass 

IRRITANT

HazardClass 

6.1

Hazardous Substances Data

88150-42-9(Hazardous Substances Data)

Toxicity

TDLo orl-chd: 400 mg/kg:BPR AJEMEN 18,581,2000

Amlodipine Usage And Synthesis

Description

Amlodipine is a dihydropyridine L-type calcium channel blocker that selectively inhibits calcium influx in cardiac and vascular smooth muscle. Acting as a vasodilator, amlodipine reduces blood pressure by relaxing the smooth muscle in the arterial wall, decreasing total peripheral resistance. It inhibits calcium-induced contractions in depolarized rat aorta with an IC₅₀ value of 1.9 nM, displaying a slow rate of association and dissociation in isolated vascular and cardiac tissues. Amlodipine also demonstrates actions independent of L-type calcium channel blockade by regulating membrane fluidity and cholesterol deposition, stimulating nitric oxide production, acting as an antioxidant, and regulating matrix deposition in vitro and in vivo. Formulations containing amlodipine have been used in the treatment of hypertension.

Chemical Properties

Yellow Solid

History

Amlodipine was first patented in 1982 but approved as a prescription drug in 1990. Amlodipine is in the form of salt, the available salt forms are besilat, mesilate, and maleate. Amlodipine is an approved drug used to treat high blood pressure and coronary artery disease. Amlodipine is also sold under the brand name Norvasc. It was evaluated against diuretics in the treatment of hypertension and was found to be useful in controlling arterial pressure. In 2023, it was the fifth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 68 million prescriptions.

Uses

A dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker; activity resides mainly in the (-)-isomer.

Uses

anti-hypertensive;calcium channel blocker

Uses

A deuterated dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker.;Application of Labeled APIs: Labeled Amlodipine, intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of Amlodipine by GC- or LC-mass spectrometry.

Definition

ChEBI: A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.

brand name

Norvasc (Pfizer).

General Description

Amlodipine, 2-[, for the treatment of hypertension. Amlodipineis also marketed as a combination therapy with atorvastatinunder the tradename Norvasc for the management of highcholesterol and high blood pressure.

Hazard

Human systemic effects.

Clinical Use

Calcium-channel blocker:
Hypertension
Angina prophylaxis

Safety Profile

Human systemic effects. Whenheated to decomposition it emits toxic vapors of NOx andCl^-.

Synthesis

The general procedure for the synthesis of 3-ethyl 5-methyl 2-((2-aminoethoxy)methyl)-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-6-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate benzenesulfonate from 3-ethyl 5-methyl 2-((2-aminoethoxy)methyl)-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-6-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate was as follows : Amlodipine (R,S)-benzenesulfonate (5.342 g) was suspended in water (100 mL) and the resulting mixture was refluxed under stirring. NaOH (0.4 g) was added to the resulting yellow solution and refluxing was continued for 30 minutes. Subsequently, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and allowed to stand overnight, the precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to give amlodipine (free base) 3.41 g in 88.6% yield. The melting point of the product was 133-138°C. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of the product is shown in FIG. 5 and is consistent with the structure of amlodipine (free base).

Drug interactions

Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
Aminophylline and theophylline: possibly increased aminophylline and theophylline concentration.
Anaesthetics: enhanced hypotensive effect.
Antibacterials: metabolism possibly inhibited by clarithromycin, erythromycin and telithromycin.
Antidepressants: enhanced hypotensive effect with MAOIs, concentration possibly reduced by St John’s wort.
Antiepileptics: effects probably reduced by phenobarbital and primidone.
Antifungals: negative inotropic effect possibly increased with itraconazole.
Antihypertensives: enhanced hypotensive effect; increased risk of first dose hypotensive effect of postsynaptic alpha-blockers.
Antivirals: concentration increased by telaprevir and possibly by ritonavir - reduce dose of amlodipine.
Ciclosporin: ciclosporin concentration may be increased by up to 40%.
Lipid lowering agents: possibly increased risk of myopathy - do not exceed 20 mg of simvastatin.1 Tacrolimus: possibly increased tacrolimus levels.

Metabolism

Amlodipine is extensively metabolised by the liver to inactive metabolites with 10% of the parent compound and 60% of metabolites excreted in the urine.

References

[1] R P MASON  T H H  P Marche. Novel vascular biology of third-generation L-type calcium channel antagonists: ancillary actions of amlodipine.[J]. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 2003: 2155-2163. DOI:10.1161/01.atv.0000097770.66965.2a
[2] YOSHIHIRO ASANO . A calcium channel blocker activates both ecto-5′-nucleotidase and NO synthase in HUVEC[J]. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 2003, 311 3: Pages 625-628. DOI:10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.10.036
[3] TAO YU. Amlodipine modulates THP-1 cell adhesion to vascular endothelium via inhibition of protein kinase C signal transduction.[J]. Hypertension, 2003, 42 3: 329-334. DOI:10.1161/01.hyp.0000087199.34071.4f
[4] MING-SHENG ZHOU  Leopoldo R  Edgar A Jaimes. Inhibition of oxidative stress and improvement of endothelial function by amlodipine in angiotensin II-infused rats[J]. American Journal of Hypertension, 2004, 17 2: Pages 167-171. DOI:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2003.09.007
[5] SHINICHIRO UEDA. A comparative assessment of the duration of action of amlodipine and nifedipine GITS in normotensive subjects[J]. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 1993, 36 6: 561-566. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1993.tb00415.x

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