Chloral hydrate
- Product Name
- Chloral hydrate
- CAS No.
- 302-17-0
- Chemical Name
- Chloral hydrate
- Synonyms
- TCA;2,2,2-TRICHLOROETHANE-1,1-DIOL;HS;Tosyl;oraL;Trichloro;TRICHLOROACETALDEHYDE MONOHYDRATE;Hydral;Chloralhydrat;CHLORAL HYDRATE SOLUTION
- CBNumber
- CB0198709
- Molecular Formula
- C2H3Cl3O2
- Formula Weight
- 165.4
- MOL File
- 302-17-0.mol
Chloral hydrate Property
- Melting point:
- 57 °C(lit.)
- Boiling point:
- 97 °C
- Density
- 1.43 g/mL at 20 °C
- vapor pressure
- 19.998hPa at 25℃
- refractive index
- 1.4603 (estimate)
- Flash point:
- 16 °C
- storage temp.
- 0-6°C
- solubility
- Very soluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol (96 per cent).
- pka
- 10(at 25℃)
- form
- A crystalline solid
- Specific Gravity
- 1.91
- PH
- 3.5-5.5 (20℃, 10%)
- Water Solubility
- 660 g/100 mL
- Merck
- 13,2080
- BRN
- 1698497
- Dielectric constant
- 5.5（15℃）
- Stability:
- Stable, but may be air or light sensitive. Incompatible with alcohols, cyanides, iodine, strong bases, carbonates.
- InChIKey
- RNFNDJAIBTYOQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- LogP
- 1.092 at 25℃
- CAS DataBase Reference
- 302-17-0(CAS DataBase Reference)
- NIST Chemistry Reference
- Chloral hydrate(302-17-0)
- IARC
- 2A (Vol. 63, 84, 106) 2014
- EPA Substance Registry System
- Chloral hydrate (302-17-0)
Safety
- Hazard Codes
- T,F,Xn
- Risk Statements
- 25-36/38-39/23/24/25-23/24/25-11-36/37/38-36-20/21/22
- Safety Statements
- 26-45-25-23-36/37-16-27
- RIDADR
- UN 3286 3/PG 2
- WGK Germany
- 2
- RTECS
- FM8750000
- HazardClass
- 6.1(b)
- PackingGroup
- III
- HS Code
- 29055900
- Hazardous Substances Data
- 302-17-0(Hazardous Substances Data)
- Toxicity
- LD50 oral in rat: 479mg/kg
Hazard and Precautionary Statements (GHS)
- Symbol(GHS)
-
- Signal word
- Danger
- Hazard statements
-
H301Toxic if swalloed
H315Causes skin irritation
H319Causes serious eye irritation
H330Fatal if inhaled
H373May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure
- Precautionary statements
-
P260Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
P264Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
P264Wash skin thouroughly after handling.
P302+P352IF ON SKIN: wash with plenty of soap and water.
P305+P351+P338IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continuerinsing.
P314Get medical advice/attention if you feel unwell.
N-Bromosuccinimide Price
- Product number
- C8383
- Product name
- Chloral hydrate
- Purity
- ≥98% (titration)
- Packaging
- 1kg
- Price
- $363
- Updated
- 2024/03/01
- Product number
- 21843
- Product name
- Chloral hydrate
- Purity
- ≥95%
- Packaging
- 1mg
- Price
- $34
- Updated
- 2024/03/01
- Product number
- 21843
- Product name
- Chloral hydrate
- Purity
- ≥95%
- Packaging
- 5mg
- Price
- $85
- Updated
- 2024/03/01
- Product number
- C8383
- Product name
- Chloral hydrate
- Purity
- ≥98% (titration)
- Packaging
- 100g
- Price
- $72.8
- Updated
- 2024/03/01
- Product number
- C8383
- Product name
- Chloral hydrate
- Purity
- ≥98% (titration)
- Packaging
- 250g
- Price
- $119
- Updated
- 2024/03/01
Chloral hydrate Chemical Properties,Usage,Production
Description
Chloral hydrate is one of the oldest sedatives used for dental sedation. It was first synthesized in 1832 by Justus von Liebig and was the first synthetic central nervous system (CNS) depressant. It was used to treat delirium tremens, insomnia, and anxiety, although it is considered an unapproved drug by the US Food and Drug Administration. Initially considered to be a safer alternative to opium, it was noted to produce rapid unconsciousness when combined with ethanol. Physical dependence can occur with chronic use.
Chloral hydrate is classified as a sedative-hypnotic and is known to induce sleep in children. It has been very popular in pediatric dentistry since the mid-1950s. Chloral hydrate is rapidly absorbed following oral administration and is converted through its first pass in the liver to trichloroethanol，its active form. Trichloroethanol is conjugated in the liver and excreted in the urine. Like other agents that are metabolized in the liver, chloral hydrate may interact with other drugs, herbs, or foods resulting in clinically significant alterations of the agents (e.g.,warfarin).
Chemical Properties
Chloral is a combustible, oily liquid with a pungent irritating odor.
Uses
Chloral hydrate is used as an intermediate in the production of insecticides, herbicides and hypnotic drugs. It has also been widely used as a sedative or hypnotic drug in humans at oral doses of up to about 750-1000 mg/day. Chloral hydrate is used as a sedative hypnotic, more commonly in pediatrics. With the advent of newer sedative hypnotics, its use has significantly decreased. It is also a drug of abuse, particularly in combination with ethanol to produce an amnestic effect in an individual who ingests it unknowingly.
Uses
Trichloroacetaldehyde Hydrate is a useful chemical reagent used as a sedative/hypnotic agent for the short-term treatment of insomnia. First developed in 1832, chloral hydrate is the oldest sleep medication still in use today. This medication is also used to calm you just before surgery or other procedures. It works by affecting certain parts of the brain to cause calmness.
Studies have shown that when used in pediatric sedation side effects such as hallucination, excessive sleep and seizures were observed. Drowsiness and trouble waking up in the morning, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, diarrhea, and headache may occur. Stomach problems can be reduced by taking chloral hydrate with a full glass of water. It is sometimes administered to patients being treated with cyclophosphamide and it is known to inhibit some aldehyde dehydrogenases.
Besides, Chloral hydrate is a starting point for the synthesis of other organic compounds. It is the starting material for the production of chloral, which is produced by the distillation of a mixture of chloral hydrate and sulfuric acid, which serves as the desiccant.
Definition
ChEBI: Chloral hydrate is an organochlorine compound that is the hydrate of trichloroacetaldehyde. It has a role as a sedative, a general anaesthetic, a mouse metabolite and a xenobiotic. It is an organochlorine compound, an aldehyde hydrate and an ethanediol.
Biological Functions
Chloral hydrate (Noctec, Somnos) was developed in the late 1800s and is still used as a sedative–hypnotic agent. It is a hydrated aldehyde with a disagreeable smell and taste that is rapidly reduced in vivo to trichloroethanol, which is considered to be the active metabolite. It produces a high incidence of gastric irritation and allergic responses, occasionally causes cardiac arrhythmias, and is unreliable in patients with liver damage.
General Description
Chloral hydrate, trichloroacetaldehydemonohydrate, CCl3CH(OH)2 (Noctec), is analdehyde hydrate stable enough to be isolated. The relativestability of this gem-diol is largely a result of an unfavorabledipole–dipole repulsion between the trichloromethyl carbonand the carbonyl carbon present in the parent carbonylcompound.
Chloral hydrate is unstable in alkaline solutions, undergoingthe last step of the haloform reaction to yield chloroformand formate ion. In hydroalcoholic solutions, it formsthe hemiacetal with ethanol. Whether or not this compoundis the basis for the notorious and potentially lethal effect of the combination of ethanol and chloral hydrate (the “MickeyFinn”) is controversial. Synergism between two differentCNS depressants also could be involved. Additionally,ethanol, by increasing the concentration of nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide (NADH), enhances the reduction ofchloral to the more active metabolite trichloroethanol, andchloral can inhibit the metabolism of alcohol because it inhibitsalcohol dehydrogenase. Chloral hydrate is a weak acidbecause its CCl3 group is very strong electron withdrawing.A 10% aqueous solution of chloral hydrate has pH 3.5 to4.4, which makes it irritating to mucous membranes in thestomach. As a result, GI upset commonly occurs for thedrug if undiluted or taken on an empty stomach. Chloral hydrateas a capsule, syrup, or suppository is currently available.
Air & Water Reactions
Water soluble.
Reactivity Profile
Chloral hydrate is incompatible with alkalis, alkaline earth metals, alkali carbonates and soluble barbiturates. Chloral hydrate is decomposed by sodium hydroxide. Chloral hydrate reduces ammoniacal silver nitrate. Chloral hydrate liquefies when triturated with an equal quantity of menthol, camphor or thymol. . Reaction of Chloral hydrate with hydroxylamine produces toxic hydrogen cyanide gas, Org. Synth., 1941, Vol. 1, 377.
Hazard
Overdose toxic, hypnotic drug, dangerous to eyes. Probable carcinogen.
Fire Hazard
Flash point data for Chloral hydrate are not available; however, Chloral hydrate is probably combustible.
Flammability and Explosibility
Non flammable
Biochem/physiol Actions
Chloral hydrate is a sedative/hypnotic.
Clinical Use
Although it is suggested that chloral hydrate per semay act as a hypnotic,chloral hydrate is very quickly convertedto trichloroethanol, which is generally assumed toaccount for almost all of the hypnotic effect. Thetrichloroethanol is metabolized by oxidation to chloral andthen to the inactive metabolite, trichloracetic acid, which is also extensively metabolized to acylglucuronidesvia conjugation with glucuronic acid. It appears tohave potent barbiturate-like binding to GABAAreceptors.Although an old drug, it still finds use as a sedative in nonoperatingroom procedures for the pediatric patient.
Safety Profile
A human poison by ingestion and possibly other routes. Poison experimentally by ingestion, intravenous, and rectal routes. Moderately toxic by subcutaneous, parenteral, and intraperitoneal routes, Experimental reproductive effects. Human systemic effects by ingestion: general anesthetic, cardiac arrhythmias, blood pressure depression, eye effects, coma, pulse rate increase, arrhythmias. Human mutation data reported. Questionable carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic and tumorigenic data by skin contact. A sedative, anesthetic, and narcotic. Combustible when exposed to heat or flame. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl-.
Synthesis
Chloral hydrate, 2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-ethandiol (4.3.1), is synthesized either by chlorination of ethanol or chlorination of acetaldehyde and the subsequent addition of water molecules to the resulting trichloroacetic aldehyde [31].
Potential Exposure
Chloral is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of such pesticides as DDT, methoxychlor, DDVP, naled, trichlorfon, and TCA. Chloral is also used in the production of chloral hydrate; used as a therapeutic agent with hypnotic, sedative, and narcotic effects; used in a time prior to the introduction of barbiturates
Drug interactions
Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
Anticoagulants: may transiently enhance effect of
coumarins.
Antipsychotics: enhanced sedative effects.
Antivirals: concentration possibly increased by
ritonavir.
Carcinogenicity
Chloral hydrate has not been adequately tested for teratogenicity, reproductive effects, or chronic toxicity. Similarly, no histological evaluations have been conducted.
Environmental Fate
Chloral hydrate is a CNS depressant, but its mechanism of action is not well known. Coingestion with ethanol produces enhanced effects by several mechanisms. First, ethanol competes for alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase, which then prolongs the half-life of ethanol. The metabolism of ethanol generates the reduced form of NADH, which is a cofactor for the metabolism of chloral hydrate to its active metabolite trichloroethanol. Finally, ethanol inhibits the conjugation of trichloroethanol to its inactive form urochloralic acid. This results in enhanced CNS depression.
Metabolism
Chloral hydrate is rapidly metabolised to trichloroethanol (the active metabolite) and trichloroacetic acid in the erythrocytes, liver, and other tissues. It is excreted partly in the urine as trichloroethanol and its glucuronide (urochloralic acid) and as trichloroacetic acid. Some is also excreted in the bile.
Shipping
UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required.
Toxicity evaluation
Chloral hydrate has been detected at 5 mg l-1 in the US drinking water supply. Although chloral hydrate does not exist naturally, it can be produced as a by-product of chlorination of water at water treatment facilities, specifically in exposed water with high amounts of humic and fulvic substances.
Incompatibilities
Chloral hydrate reacts with strong bases forming chloroform. Contact with acids, or exposure to light may cause polymerization. Reacts with water, forming chloral hydrate. Reacts with oxidizers, with a risk of fire or explosions.
Waste Disposal
Incineration after mixing with another combustible fuel; care must be taken to assure complete combustion to prevent phosgene formation; an acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.
Chloral hydrate Preparation Products And Raw materials
Raw materials
Preparation Products
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View Lastest Price from Chloral hydrate manufacturers
- Product
- Chloral hydrate 302-17-0
- Price
- US $0.00/KG
- Min. Order
- 1KG
- Purity
- ≥98%
- Supply Ability
- 500mt/year
- Release date
- 2022-04-14
- Product
- Chloral hydrate 302-17-0
- Price
- US $7.90/kg
- Min. Order
- 1kg
- Purity
- 99%
- Supply Ability
- 1t
- Release date
- 2023-07-21
- Product
- Chloral hydrate 302-17-0
- Price
- US $5.00/kg
- Min. Order
- 1kg
- Purity
- 99.912%
- Supply Ability
- 10ton
- Release date
- 2024-04-28