Citric acid monohydrate Property

Melting point:

-94 °C(lit.)

Boiling point:

56 °C760 mm Hg(lit.)

Density 

0.791 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)

vapor density 

2 (vs air)

vapor pressure 

184 mm Hg ( 20 °C)

refractive index 

n20/D 1.359(lit.)

Flash point:

1 °F

storage temp. 

no restrictions.

solubility 

Citric Acid Monohydrate is very soluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol and sparingly soluble in ether.

form 

Solid

pka

3.138, 4.76, 6.401

Specific Gravity

0.810 (20/4℃)

color 

White

Odor

Typical, practically odorless

PH

1.85 (50g/l, H2O, 25℃)

Water Solubility 

1630 g/L (20 oC) ;H2O: soluble 54% (w/w) at 10°C (Citric acid in water)

Sensitive 

Hygroscopic

Merck 

14,2326

BRN 

4018641

Stability:

Stable. Incompatible with oxidizing agents, bases, reducing agents, nitrates.

InChIKey

YASYEJJMZJALEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

CAS DataBase Reference

5949-29-1(CAS DataBase Reference)

NIST Chemistry Reference

Citric acid monohydrate(5949-29-1)

EPA Substance Registry System

1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, hydrate (1:1) (5949-29-1)

Safety

Hazard Codes 

F,Xi

Risk Statements 

11-36-66-67-41-36/37/38-37/38

Safety Statements 

9-16-26-37/39-36/37/39-36

RIDADR 

UN 1090 3/PG 2

WGK Germany 

1

RTECS 

AL3150000

TSCA 

Yes

HS Code 

29181400

Toxicity

LD50 orally in Rabbit: 3000 mg/kg

Hazard and Precautionary Statements (GHS)

Symbol(GHS)

Signal word

Warning

Hazard statements

H319Causes serious eye irritation

H335May cause respiratory irritation

Precautionary statements

P261Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.

P264Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

P264Wash skin thouroughly after handling.

P271Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.

P280Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.

P305+P351+P338IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continuerinsing.

Citric acid monohydrate Chemical Properties,Usage,Production

Chemical Properties

Citric acid monohydrate occurs as colorless or translucent crystals or as a white crystalline, efflorescent powder. It is odorless and has a strong acidic taste. The crystal structure is orthorhombic. monohydrate crystals lose water of crystallization in dry air or when heated to about 40 to 50℃. Citric acid monohydrate softens at 75℃ and melts at approximately 100℃. It serves as a natural preservative and is commonly utilized to contribute an acidic or sour taste to foods and soft drinks.

Citric acid monohydrate acts as a preservative and antioxidant. It is also used as an acidulant, flavoring agent and antistaling agent in fruit drinks, candy, cookies, biscuits, canned fruits, jams, and jellies. It differs from other forms of citric acid by having a moisture percentage ranging from 7.5-9.0.

Uses

Citric Acid Monohydrate is a tricarboxylic acid found in citrus fruits. Citric acid is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations due to its antioxidant properties. It maintains the stability of active ingredients and is used as a preservative. It is also used as an acidulant to control pH and acts as an anticoagulant by chelating calcium in the blood. Additionally, Citric Acid Monohydrate is used as an acidulating, food additive, and synergist in antioxidant mixtures.

Application

Citric acid monohydrate has multiple applications. It is used for preparing citrate buffer in platelets for intravital microscopy and as a buffer component for unmasking antigens and epitopes. Additionally, it functions as a pH-control agent in food, beverage, and pharmaceutical industries. In animals, it enhances the efficiency of nutritional calcium utilization.
Recent uses of citric acid monohydrate include:
As a carbon source in carbon nanodot synthesis
To prepare a pH-6.0 citric acid monohydrate solution/buffer for tissue sample preparation
In citric acid solubilization technique to treat various samples.

Preparation

Currently, the industrial production process for citric acid monohydrate crystals involves several steps. First, the citric acid fermentation liquid is separated from the solid-liquid to obtain a citric acid clear liquid. Then, the clear liquid undergoes purification via the calcium salt method (hydrogen calcium method), acidolysis, and decolorization. This purified solution is then heated, concentrated, and crystallized to produce anhydrous citric acid. The mother liquor remaining from this process is then filtered by plate and frame and added to a crystallization cylinder to reach a supersaturated state through cooling and precipitating the crystal. Once the temperature reaches around 13 ℃, the mixture undergoes centrifugal separation, and the resulting wet crystal is then dried in a dryer. The separated mother liquor, after being filtered, decolorized, and concentrated, is added back to the crystallization cylinder to repeat the above steps a total of four to five times. Finally, the mother liquor is returned to the extraction workshop for re-purification via chromatographic separation.

Definition

Citric acid and citric acid monohydrate are different. Citric Acid can be obtained as an anhydrous (water- free) form or as a monohydrate. The anhydrous form crystallizes from hot water, while the monohydrate forms when citric acid is crystallized from cold water. The monohydrate can be converted to the anhydrous form at about 78 °C.

Production Methods

Citric acid occurs naturally in a number of plant species and may be extracted from lemon juice, which contains 5–8% citric acid, or pineapple waste. Anhydrous citric acid may also be produced industrially by mycological fermentation of crude sugar solutions such as molasses, using strains of Aspergillus niger . Citric acid is purified by recrystallization; the anhydrous form is obtained from a hot concentrated aqueous solution and the monohydrate from a cold concentrated aqueous solution.

Definition

ChEBI: Citric acid monohydrate is an organic molecular entity.

General Description

Citric acid monohydrate is an organic acid. Its molar enthalpy of solution in water has been reported to be Δ_solH_m (298.15K, m = 0.0203molkg^-1) = (29061 ± 123)Jmol^-1

Biochem/physiol Actions

Citric acid plays a major role in textile, food, pharmaceutical, metal and chemical industries. Melting citric acid monohydrate can give rise to itaconic anhydride. The crystals of citric acid monohydrate has the ability to preserve water up to 56 degree celsius.

Safety

Citric acid monohydrate is non-toxic and has a low reactivity.
May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Excessive intake of citric acid may cause erosion of the teeth. Inhalation: Causes respiratory tract irritation. Chronic: Repeated exposure may cause erosion of teeth.

storage

Citric acid monohydrate loses water of crystallization in dry air or when heated to about 408℃. It is slightly deliquescent in moist air. Dilute aqueous solutions of citric acid may ferment on standing.

Purification Methods

Crystallise it from hot H2O solution (w/w solubility is 54% at 10o, 71% at 50o and 84% at 100o. The monohydrate (softens at ~75o and melts at ~100o) dehydrates in air or when heated gently above 40o . The triethylester ( M 276.3, b 127o/1mm, 294o/atm, d 4 1.137, n D 1.4420.) is a bitter tasting oil. [Beilstein 3 H 556 and 568, 3 IV 1272.]

Incompatibilities

Citric acid is incompatible with potassium tartrate, alkali and alkaline earth carbonates and bicarbonates, acetates, and sulfides. Incompatibilities also include oxidizing agents, bases, reducing agents, and nitrates. It is potentially explosive in combination with metal nitrates. On storage, sucrose may crystallize from syrups in the presence of citric acid.

Regulatory Status

GRAS listed. The anhydrous form is accepted for use as a food additive in Europe. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (inhalations; IM, IV, and other injections; ophthalmic preparations; oral capsules, solutions, suspensions and tablets; topical and vaginal preparations). Included in nonparenteral and parenteral medicines licensed in Japan and the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.

References

A comparison of properties between the citric acid monohydrate and deep eutectic solvent extracted Averrhoa bilimbi pectins DOI:10.1007/s11694-020-00533-x
Methods of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis for bacterial population genetics and systematics DOI:10.1128/aem.51.5.873-884.1986
Increased Adhesion and Aggregation of Platelets Lacking Cyclic Guanosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate Kinase I DOI:10.1084/JEM.189.8.1255
Citric Acid, Anhydrous, and Citric Acid, Monohydrate DOI: 10.1021/acsreagents.4096.20211101
Production method for citric acid monohydrate crystal
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/22230