Primaquine diphosphate Property

Melting point:

205-206 °C (dec.)(lit.)

storage temp. 

2-8°C

solubility 

water: soluble50mg/mL, clear, orange to red

form 

Solid

color 

Red brown to orange

Water Solubility 

moderately soluble

Merck 

13,7833

BRN 

3812133

BCS Class

1 (CLogP), 3 (LogP)

Stability:

Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

CAS DataBase Reference

63-45-6(CAS DataBase Reference)

Safety

Hazard Codes 

T

Risk Statements 

25

Safety Statements 

45

RIDADR 

UN 2811 6.1/PG 3

WGK Germany 

3

RTECS 

VA9660000

F 

10

HazardClass 

6.1(b)

PackingGroup 

III

HS Code 

29334900

Hazard and Precautionary Statements (GHS)

Symbol(GHS)

Signal word

Danger

Hazard statements

H301Toxic if swalloed

H341Suspected of causing genetic defects

Precautionary statements

P201Obtain special instructions before use.

P202Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.

P264Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

P264Wash skin thouroughly after handling.

P270Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.

P280Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.

P301+P310IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.

Primaquine diphosphate Chemical Properties,Usage,Production

Chemical Properties

orange powder

Uses

acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

Uses

Primaquine diphosphate is an established antimalarial drug used in the treatment of persistent liver forms of P. vivax or P. ovale infection for its ability to kill late-stage gametocytes and hypnozoites. In historical terms, this aminoquinoline was the stimulus for the discovery of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) dehydrogenase deficiency as it induced hemolytic anemia in patients lacking the G6P-metabolizing enzyme.

Uses

Antimalarial.

brand name

Primaquine (Sanofi Aventis).

Biological Activity

primaquine, an 8-aminoquinoline, is introduced as a curative antimalarial agent in 1950. since then, the drug has been applied extensively to against the exoerythrocytic stage of malaria. it is demonstrated tthat primaquine, by binding to nucleic acids, could therefore block protein synthesis, alter lipid synthesis and interact with biological membranes. [1]

Clinical Use

Treatment of malaria (Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale), in combination with chloroquine
Treatment of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP), in combination with clindamycin

in vitro

chicken embryo cells (cec) model were adopted to investigate the effect of primaquine on newcastle disease virus replication. it was found that virus-induced hemadsorption was inhibited by primaquine in a dose-dependent manner and was completely suppressed by primaquine 250 g/ml. viral ribonucleic acid (rna) synthesis was found to be suppressed when primaquine was added early in the virus replication cycle. whereas, when the drug was added late in the cycle, rna synthesis was stimulation. [1]

in vivo

primaquine liposomes were labelled by 99mtc and injected intravenously to swiss albino mice. after injection, the major accumulation organ of liposomes was liver followed by spleen, pancreas, lungs and the others. findings also suggested that primaquine could block the eradication of the parasites and prevent relapse by destruction of the exoerythrocytic liver stages. [2]

Drug interactions

Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
Antimalarials: avoid concomitant use with artemether/lumefantrine.

Metabolism

Rapidly metabolised in the liver. Its major metabolite carboxyprimaquine accumulates in the plasma on repeated dosage but possesses less antimalarial activity than the parent compound. Little unchanged drug is excreted in the urine.

Purification Methods

It forms yellow crystals from 90% aqueous EtOH and is moderately soluble in H2O. The oxalate salt has m 182.5-185o (from 80% aqueous EtOH), and the free base is a viscous liquid b 165-170o/0.002mm, 175-177o/2mm. [Elderfield et al. J Am Chem Soc 68 1526 1964, Elderfield et al. J Am Chem Soc 77 4817 1955, Beilstein 22 III/IV 5817.]

References

[1]burdick jr and durand dp. primaquine diphosphate: inhibition of newcastle disease virus replication. antimicrob agents ch. 1974 oct 15; 6(4): 460-4.
[2]aricat b, ozert ay, ercans mt and hincalt aa. characterization, in vitro and in vivo studies on primaquine diphosphate liposomes. j. microencapsulation. 1995; 12(5): 469-85.
[3]soto j, toledo j, rodriquez m, sanchez j, herrera r, padilla j and berman j. double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled assessment of chloroquine/primaquine prophylaxis for malaria in nonimmune colombian soldiers. clin infect dis. 1999 jul; 29: 199-201.