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Cephalosporins Drugs

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Cephalosporins refer to a class of antibiotics using the natural cephalosporin C secreted by the cephalosporin coronary culture as raw materials. It is manufactured through semi-synthetic modification of the side chain of cephalosporin C, also belonging to β-lactam antibiotics. It is a family of broad-spectrum semi-synthetic bactericidal antibiotics. According to their different ages and different antimicrobial activity, they can be divided into first, second, third generations, including cephalosporin Ⅰ-Ⅷ, cefathiamidine, cefamandole, cefadroxil, ceftizoxime and cephamycin derivatives and moxalactam.

Antimicrobial spectrum
(1) First generation cephalosporins mainly have effects on β-hemolytic streptococci and other streptococci, staphylococci (including enzyme production strains), Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella and Shigella bacteria. This class of antibiotics has relative weak resistance against the β-lactamase produced by the gram-negative bacteria. Therefore it is easier for Gram-negative bacteria to develop resistance.

(2) Second-generation cephalosporins have comparable or slightly lower antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria compared to the first generation of antimicrobial activity similar to or slightly lower than the first generation, while having excellent effects in inhibiting the Gram-negative bacteria, as follows:
① Strong anti-enzyme capability: some Gram-negative bacteria (such as E. coli) are easy to become resistant against the first-generation cephalosporin with the second generation often being effective;
② Broad antimicrobial spectrum, the second generation has a broader antimicrobial spectrum against the first generation antibacterial spectrum with certain antibacterial activity against Neisseria, a part of indole-positive Proteus, Citrobacter and Enterobacteriaceae.

(3) The effectiveness of third-generation cephalosporins in killing gram-positive bacteria are generally lower than the first generation while their effect against gram-negative bacteria is better than the second generation. The third generation cephalosporin has broader antibacterial spectrum and stronger resistance to the enzyme.

Toxic side effect
(1) Allergic reaction: it can cause skin rashes, asthma, angioedema, anaphylactic shock and so on. The anaphylactic shock of cephalosporins is similar to penicillin. These two types of drugs have varying degrees of cross-allergic reactions. In general, 10% to 30% of those who are allergic to penicillin are also allergic to the cephalosporin while the vast majority of cephalosporin-sensitive patients are also allergic to penicillin.

(2) Gastrointestinal reactions and dysbacteriosis: cephalosporins can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and other reactions. Second-generation and third-generation cephalosporins can strongly inhibit the intestinal flora, being able to lead to dysbacteriosis, even superinfection in severe cases.

(3) Liver toxicity: Most kinds of cephalosporins, when used in large dose, can cause elevated level of transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and so on.

(4) Renal toxicity: Most kinds of cephalosporins can be excreted by the kidneys, and even can lead to elevated blood urea nitrogen level, oliguria and proteinuria. Its combination with furosemide and aminoglycoside antibiotics will lead to increased kidney damage.

(5) Coagulation disorders: cephalosporins can inhibit the intestinal flora to produce vitamin K, and therefore can potentially cause bleeding effect.

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Structure:
Chemical Name:
Desfuroyl Ceftiofur
CAS:
120882-22-6
MF:
C14H15N5O5S3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefonicid sodium
CAS:
61270-78-8
MF:
C18H19N6NaO8S3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Ceftezole
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26973-24-0
MF:
C13H12N8O4S3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl] hydrogen (4-hydroxyphenyl)malonate
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78641-40-4
MF:
C17H16O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefacetrile sodium
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23239-41-0
MF:
C13H12N3NaO6S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefepime
CAS:
88040-23-7
MF:
C19H24N6O5S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
LORACARBEF (200 MG)
CAS:
121961-22-6
MF:
C16H16ClN3O4.H2O
Structure:
Chemical Name:
TROXIPIDE
CAS:
99777-81-8
MF:
C15H22N2O4
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefminox
CAS:
75481-73-1
MF:
C16H21N7O7S3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefmetazole sodium
CAS:
56796-39-5
MF:
C15H18N7NaO5S3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
(6R,7R)
CAS:
155723-02-7
MF:
C13H13N3O3S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefapirin sodium
CAS:
24356-60-3
MF:
C17H18N3NaO6S2
Chemical Name:
CefodiziMe acid
Structure:
Chemical Name:
(R,R)-7-AMINO-3-(1-METHYLPYRROLIDINIO)METHYL-3-CEPHEM-4-CARBOXYLATE HCL
CAS:
780810-20-0
MF:
C13H19N3O3S.2ClH
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefazolin
CAS:
25953-19-9
MF:
C14H14N8O4S3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefpodoxime
CAS:
80210-62-4
MF:
C15H17N5O6S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cephalothin sodium
CAS:
58-71-9
MF:
C16H16N2O6S2.Na
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefotetan disodium
CAS:
74356-00-6
MF:
C17H18N7NaO8S4
Chemical Name:
Cefluprenam
Chemical Name:
Potassium1,2,3-thiadiazoles-5-mercaptan thiolate
Structure:
Chemical Name:
CEFADROXIL
CAS:
50370-12-2
MF:
C16H17N3O5S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
(6R-trans)-7-[[(2-AMino-4-thiazolyl)acetyl]aMino]-3-ethenyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic Acid
CAS:
79350-10-0
MF:
C14H14N4O4S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
cefacetrile
CAS:
10206-21-0
MF:
C13H13N3O6S
Chemical Name:
Cefclidin
Chemical Name:
5-FORMAMIDE-1-(2-FORMYLOXYETHYL)PYRAZOLE
MF:
C7H9N3O3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
cefoxazole
CAS:
36920-48-6
MF:
C21H18ClN3O7S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Ceftobiprole medocaril
CAS:
376653-43-9
MF:
C26H26N8O11S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
α-[[(Z)-2-(2-aMino-4-thiazolyl)-2-[(carboxyMethoxy)iMino]acetyl]aMino]-2-[(2R)-5-Methyl-7-oxo-1,2,5,7-tetrahydro-4H-furo[3,4-d][1,3]thiazin-2-yl]acetic Acid
CAS:
1335475-08-5
MF:
C16H17N5O8S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefamandole
CAS:
34444-01-4
MF:
C18H18N6O5S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Ceforanide
CAS:
60925-61-3
MF:
C20H21N7O6S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefditoren
CAS:
104145-95-1
MF:
C19H18N6O5S3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Flomoxef sodium
CAS:
92823-03-5
MF:
C15H19F2N6NaO7S2
Chemical Name:
Ceftetram
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefdinir Related Compound A (10 mg) (2(R)-2-[(Z)-2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetamido]-2-[(2RS,5RS)-5-methyl-7-oxo-2,4,5,7-tetrahydro-1Hfuro[3,4-d][1,3]thiazin-2-yl]acetic acid)
CAS:
178422-42-9
MF:
C14H15N5O6S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cephaloridine
CAS:
50-59-9
MF:
C19H17N3O4S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cordycepin powder
MF:
C10H13N5O3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefteram pivoxil
CAS:
82547-81-7
MF:
C22H27N9O7S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefroxadine
CAS:
51762-05-1
MF:
C16H19N3O5S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefonicid
CAS:
61270-58-4
MF:
C18H18N6O8S3
Chemical Name:
Cefadroxil Capsule
Chemical Name:
7-AMCA
Structure:
Chemical Name:
(6R,7R)-7-[[(2Z)-2-(2-AMino-4-thiazolyl)-2-[(carboxyMethoxy)iMino]acetyl]aMino]-3-Methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic Acid
CAS:
72701-01-0
MF:
C15H15N5O7S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefbuperazone
CAS:
76610-84-9
MF:
C22H29N9O9S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefazedone sodium salt
CAS:
63521-15-3
MF:
C18H14Cl2N5NaO5S3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Ceftazidime sodium
CAS:
73547-61-2
MF:
C22H23N6NaO7S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefazedone
CAS:
56187-47-4
MF:
C18H15Cl2N5O5S3
Chemical Name:
2-(-amino-4-thiazole)-2-(terbutoxy isopropoxyimine) thiobenzothiazole ester
Structure:
Chemical Name:
cefsulodin sodium
CAS:
41444-66-0
MF:
C22H21N4NaO8S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
(6R,7R)-7-[[(2Z)-2-(2-AMino-4-thiazolyl)-2-[(2-ethoxy-2-oxoethoxy)iMino]acetyl]aMino]-3-ethenyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic Acid
CAS:
79368-95-9
MF:
C18H19N5O7S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-[[(Z)-[1-(2-aMino-4-thiazolyl)-2-[[[(2R,5RS)-5-Methyl-7-oxo-1,2,5,7-tetrahydro-4H-furo[3,4-d][1,3]thiazin-2-yl]Methyl]aMino]-2-oxoethylidene]aMino]oxy]acetic Acid
CAS:
1335475-19-8
MF:
C15H17N5O6S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefonicid Disodium Salt
CAS:
190181-58-9
MF:
C18H19N6NaO8S3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cephradine hydrate
CAS:
31828-50-9
MF:
C16H23N3O6S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefpimizole
CAS:
84880-03-5
MF:
C28H26N6O10S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefpimizole sodium
CAS:
85287-61-2
MF:
C28H25N6NaO10S2
Chemical Name:
CEFAPIRIN
Chemical Name:
CEFALORIDINE (ALPHA FORM)
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefsulodin
CAS:
62587-73-9
MF:
C22H20N4O8S2
Chemical Name:
CEFTRIAXONE IMPURITY A
Structure:
Chemical Name:
cefaloglycin
CAS:
3577-01-3
MF:
C18H19N3O6S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cephradine monohydrate
CAS:
75975-70-1
MF:
C16H21N3O5S
Chemical Name:
Cefazaflur