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Analytical Chemistry

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Analytical chemistry is the subject for the method and basic principle of studying and identifying of the composition, status, structure of matter as well as determination of related content. It is an important branch of chemistry subject. Analytical chemistry plays an important role in not only its own development but also in various fields related to the chemistry. We can say that all the practice of any human activity involving chemical phenomena is inseparable from analytical chemistry. Now, people have developed various kinds of different analytical methods, which can be classified based on an analysis task, analysis object, the basis of the analysis, requirement of the analysis and sample dosage.

According to the analysis tasks, it can be divided into qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis and structural analysis. Task of qualitative analysis is to identify the elements, radicals, functional groups or compounds that constituting the substances; the task of the quantitative analysis is to determine the content of the related components in the sample; the task of structural analysis is to study the molecular structure or crystal structure of the material.

(1) According to the analysis objects, it can be divided into organic and inorganic analysis; the object for the inorganic analysis is inorganic substance; the object of organic analysis is organic substance. In the inorganic analysis, it is generally required to determine what elements, ions, radicals or compounds that constitutes the sample and measure the percentage of each component; and sometimes it is also necessary for determination of the crystal structure; in the organic analysis, it not only requires the identification of the constituent elements, but also, more importantly, should do the structure analysis and functional group analysis.
(2) According to whether the analysis is based on the physical properties or chemical properties of the substance, it can be divided into instrumental analysis and chemical analysis. Depending on the specific requirements, it can be divided into routine analysis, rapid analysis and arbitration Analysis. Routine analysis refers to the general daily laboratory production analysis, also known as conventional analysis; rapid analysis is a kind of routine analysis and is mainly applied to the control of the production process, demanding the report of the results in the shortest possible time with the error generally being allowed to be greater; arbitration analysis is needed when there is controversy in the analysis results from different institute, demanding related department to conduct accurate analysis using specific method in order to determine the accuracy of the results of the original analysis.
(3) According to the amount of the sample, it can be generally divided into constant (> 0.1g), semi-micro (0.01 ~ 0.1g) and trace (1 ~ 10mg) analysis.
(4) In the inorganic qualitative chemical analysis, people generally apply semi-micro method while people generally apply constant analysis in the quantitative chemical analysis. According to the relative amounts of the analyzed components contained in the sample, it is also roughly divided into constant component analysis (> 1%), minor component analysis (0.01 to 1%) and trace components analysis (<0.01%). For the analysis of some trace amount of components contained in some kinds of complicated mixture and some substances, it is necessary to perform separation and enrichment. This produces a series of separation techniques, such as extraction, distillation, ion exchange, chromatography, sedimentation and flotation separation, these chemical separation techniques are an integral part of the analysis.

Environmental Analytical Chemistry
Environmental Analytical Chemistry is briefly referred to environmental analysis. It is a kind of subject to study the types, components of pollutants in the environment as well as how to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis on the chemical contaminants in the environment. It is a branch of environmental chemistry.

Environmental analytical chemistry emerged, developed and improved during the process of solving environmental problems. In 1950s, the public nuisance disease occurred in Japan had alerted the whole world. In order to find the cause of public nuisance disease, after experiencing as long as 11 years, later, the chemists of environmental analysis had applied light spectrum and identified that the river in Itai-itai disease area contained harmful elements such as lead, cadmium, arsenic and so on. Further by means of tracking element analysis of the soil and food in the disease area, people had found high lead and cadmium content. Later, people had further conducted spectral quantitative analysis on the body and bone of the patients in the disease area and found that the bone ashes contained alarmingly high content of zinc, lead and cadmium. To determine the causative agent, people further incorporated zinc, lead and cadmium into the food for feeding animals and conduct trace elemental analysis for animals and confirmed the serious harm of cadmium on the bone, revealing the cause of the Itai-itai disease. The development of modern science, especially the development of modern chemistry, physics, mathematics, electronics, biology, as well as the emergence of accurate, reliable, sensitive, selective, rapid, simple environmental pollution analysis technology and automation equipment, has been resulting in the maturation of environmental analytical chemistry. Environmental analytical chemistry now has penetrated into all areas of the entire environmental science subject. It is the most effective means of access to environmental information quality.
The objects of the environmental analytical chemistry research are quite complicated, including air, water, soil, sediment, minerals, waste, animals, plants, food, and human tissue. The content of chemical elements or compound to be determined in the environmental analytic chemistry is very low, with the absolute content being within the level of 10-6 to 10-12 grams.


The analysis technology in the environmental analytical chemistry is developing towards the direction of continuous automation, computerization and joint combination of various methods and instruments. Currently applied automatic analysis methods include colorimetric analysis, ion selective electrode, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, polarography, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and flow injection analysis. Laser, as the light source of analytical chemistry technique, has also been applied. Since the laser analysis has properties of high resolution, high sensitivity, long-range and short-term, the laser technology will play a pivotal role in the development of environmental analytical chemistry.

With the deepened development of environmental science, environmental analytical chemistry is often demanded for trace levels and ultra-trace-level detection and analysis, therefore, high sensitivity. Thus study of analysis methods of high sensitivity, good selectivity, rapid trace and ultra trace will become the major development direction for environmental analysis in the near future.

Qualitative Analysis of Chemistry
Qualitative analytic chemistry is the subject to identify the chemical elements and atoms groups contained in the sample. It is a branch subject of the analysis chemistry. Its purpose is to ascertain the chemical composition of the research object (specimen).
The major research content of the qualitative analytic chemistry includes:

1 the tested samples were analyzed separately. Namely take part of the sample and use exclusive reaction to detect a desire detection component.
2 systematic analysis of the samples. This means successively apply a few selective reactions for gradual separation of the ions followed by separation of each group until separating to only one substance and finally apply confirming reaction to ascertain the existence of this substance. The most famous cation system analysis method is H2S system. In recent years, due to the use of advanced equipment, qualitative analysis has also rapidly developed together with multivariate analysis and has also become an important direction for analytical chemistry.

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Structure:
Chemical Name:
Tolterodine EP Impurity G
CAS:
1554029-91-2
MF:
C22H32NO2+
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Topiroxostat Impurity 23
CAS:
2044706-78-5
MF:
C20H12N10
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Saxagliptin Impurity 34
CAS:
2173146-31-9
MF:
C17H25NO5
Chemical Name:
Afatinib Impurity 25
Chemical Name:
Bendamustine Impurity 34
Chemical Name:
Canagliflozin Impurity 29
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefazolin Impurity 6
CAS:
66636-33-7
MF:
C14H20N4O3S3Si
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Ciprofloxacin Impurity 5
MF:
C17H18FN3O3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Erlotinib Impurity 53
CAS:
749181-30-4
MF:
C21H25N3O4
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Etoposide Impurity 4
CAS:
101648-60-6
MF:
C35H32Cl6O16
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Olaparib Impurity 25
CAS:
1423030-11-8
MF:
C16H9FO4
Chemical Name:
Olaparib Impurity 32
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Oseltamivir Impurity 23
CAS:
2241125-39-1
MF:
C9H16N2O3
Chemical Name:
Rosuvastatin Impurity 85
Chemical Name:
Cefazoline Impurity A
Chemical Name:
Rifaximin impurity A
Structure:
Chemical Name:
(2S,4S)-5-(Biphenyl-4-yl)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-methylpentanoic acid
CAS:
1012341-52-4
MF:
C23H29NO4
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Ethyl (2R,4S)-4-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-ylmethyl)-2-methyl-4-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)butanoate
CAS:
1038924-97-8
MF:
C24H27NO4
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4-Nitrophenyl 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylate
CAS:
1450877-56-1
MF:
C11H6ClNO4S
Chemical Name:
Olaparib iMpurity B
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1,4-di(benzo[b]thiophen-4-yl)piperazine
CAS:
1420987-86-5
MF:
C20H18N2S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
DONEPEZIL IMP
CAS:
923571-16-8
MF:
C24H22NO4.Cl
Chemical Name:
Parecoxib Impurity N
Structure:
Chemical Name:
5-[bis-(2-Chloroethyl)amino]-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-2-butanoic acid ethyl ester
CAS:
87475-54-5
MF:
C18H25Cl2N3O2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
6-Hydroxykaempferol 3-Rutinoside -6-glucoside
CAS:
145134-63-0
MF:
C33H40O21
Structure:
Chemical Name:
(R)-1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline
CAS:
85-63-2
MF:
C21H27NO4
Chemical Name:
Linagliptin Impurity P
Chemical Name:
Linagliptin Impurity U
Structure:
Chemical Name:
(R)-2-((6-(3-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)methyl)-4-fluorobenzoic acid
CAS:
1917324-15-2
MF:
C18H21FN4O4
Structure:
Chemical Name:
N1,N4-bis((R)-1-(3-(2-cyano-5-fluorobenzyl)-1-methyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-4-yl)piperidin-3-yl)succinamide
MF:
C40H42F2N10O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
ethyl ((1R,3aR,4aR,6S,8aR,9S,9aS)-9-((E)-2-(5-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)vinyl)-1-methyl-3-oxododecahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-6-yl)carbamate
CAS:
618385-10-7
MF:
C29H33FN2O4
Structure:
Chemical Name:
(2R)-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-2-methyl-α/β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl chloride-3,5-dibenzoate
CAS:
1621160-31-3
MF:
C20H18ClFO5
Chemical Name:
Apremilast Impurity F
Chemical Name:
Etoricoxib Impurity 17
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Ibrutinib Impurity 3
CAS:
1226872-27-0
MF:
C25H26N6O4
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Imatinib Impurity 2
CAS:
1384131-91-2
MF:
C7H11NO
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Mirabegron M5 (YM-538852)
CAS:
1365244-63-8
MF:
C18H22N2O2
Chemical Name:
Sofosbuvir Impurity 6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Vonoprazan Impurity 2
CAS:
881733-36-4
MF:
C17H16FN3O2S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Atomoxetine EP impurity A
CAS:
56161-70-7
MF:
C16H19NO
Chemical Name:
Cinacalcet Impurity 21
Chemical Name:
Dasatinib Impurity D
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Doxofylline Impurity 1
CAS:
1429636-74-7
MF:
C10H16N4O3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Isopropyl4-hydroxy-3,5-diisopropylbenzoate
CAS:
2095678-97-8
MF:
C16H24O3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Sitagliptin EP Impurity B
CAS:
1345822-87-8
MF:
C16H19F5N5O5P
Chemical Name:
Trospium Impurity
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Vildagliptin Related Compound A
CAS:
741657-02-3
MF:
C17H25N3O
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-amino-9-((1R,3R,4S)-4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylenecyclopentyl)-1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one hydrate
CAS:
1367369-78-5
MF:
C12H15N5O3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Moxifloxacin Impurity 6
CAS:
849770-49-6
MF:
C25H29BFN3O8
Chemical Name:
beta-D-Hydroxymethoxymethylanthraquinonyl glucopyranoside
CAS:
29013-18-1
MF:
C22H22O10
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Sitafloxacin Impurity A
CAS:
500295-83-0
MF:
C16H16FN3O3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl [1,1'-biphenyl]-2-ylcarbamate
CAS:
171723-80-1
MF:
C25H26N2O2
Chemical Name:
Merariveron impurity C
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4H-Inden-4-one, 1-[1,5-dimethyl-5-[(triethylsilyl)oxy]hexyl]octahydro-7a-methyl-, [1R-[1α(R*),3aβ,7aα]]-
CAS:
144848-24-8
MF:
C24H46O2Si
Chemical Name:
IMp. E (EP): 4-AMino-5-(ethylsulphonyl)-2-Methoxybenzoic Acid
Structure:
Chemical Name:
3,5-DiMethyl-1-nitroadaMantane
CAS:
6588-68-7
MF:
C12H19NO2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-Deschloro Aripiprazole
CAS:
203395-82-8
MF:
C23H28ClN3O2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
6-O-Benzyl-4-dehydroxy-4-diMethylphenylsilyl Entecavir
CAS:
649761-24-0
MF:
C27H31N5O2Si
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Desisobutyl-n-butyl BortezoMib
CAS:
1104011-35-9
MF:
C19H25BN4O4
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-aMino-4-Methoxy-5-(3-Morpholinopropoxy)benzaMide
CAS:
246512-44-7
MF:
C15H23N3O4
Structure:
Chemical Name:
N-(4,6-dichloro-2-(propylthio)pyriMidin-5-yl)forMaMide
CAS:
1402150-28-0
MF:
C8H9Cl2N3OS
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Ebastine IMpurity G
CAS:
1429071-65-7
MF:
C32H39NO3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Deferasirox Salicyloyl Ester
CAS:
1395346-28-7
MF:
C28H19N3O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
N-2-Hydroxy-3-[[2-(Methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]aMine Carvedilol
CAS:
1198090-73-1
MF:
C36H43N3O7
Structure:
Chemical Name:
N-[2-[1-(3-Ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-1H-isoindol-4-yl]acetamide
CAS:
253168-86-4
MF:
C22H24N2O7S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
N-[2-[1-(3-Ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-1H-isoindol-4-yl]acetamide
CAS:
253168-86-4
MF:
C22H24N2O7S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
N-[2-[1-(3-Ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-1H-isoindol-4-yl]acetamide
CAS:
253168-86-4
MF:
C22H24N2O7S
Chemical Name:
Ticagrelor IMpurity B
Structure:
Chemical Name:
AtracuriuM IMpurity V
CAS:
1075726-86-1
MF:
C25H34INO6
Chemical Name:
Avanafil iMpurity 3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
CitalopraM carboxylic acid iMpurity
CAS:
440121-09-5
MF:
C20H22FNO3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Decitabine iMpurity 6
CAS:
178671-74-4
MF:
C7H14N4O4
Structure:
Chemical Name:
DiazepaM IMpurity E
CAS:
20927-53-1
MF:
C15H11ClN2O
Structure:
Chemical Name:
ErtapeneM Side Chain EnantioMer 2 HCl
CAS:
503607-49-6
MF:
C12H15ClN2O3S
Chemical Name:
Ribavirin IMpurity G
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Ethanone, 1-(2,5-difluorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)- 1-(2,5-Difluorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethanone,1-(2,5-difluorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethanone
CAS:
1157938-97-0
MF:
C10H7F2N3O
Structure:
Chemical Name:
3-Fluoro-4-phenylphenol
CAS:
477860-13-2
MF:
C12H9FO
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Heptyl Deoctyl FingoliMod Hydrochloride
CAS:
162361-44-6
MF:
C18H32ClNO2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4-Methoxy-3,5-diMethylpyridine 1-Oxide
CAS:
91219-89-5
MF:
C8H11NO2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
N-Ethyl-3-buteno-o-toluidide
CAS:
13936-71-5
MF:
C13H17NO
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Pramipexole Impurity 21
CAS:
104617-86-9
MF:
C10H17N3S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Tigecycline Pentacyclic Analog
CAS:
1268494-40-1
MF:
C27H32N4O9
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Tigecycline (open C-ring D-ring) Quinone
CAS:
1268494-46-7
MF:
C26H32N4O8
Structure:
Chemical Name:
5-Chloro AcesulfaMe
CAS:
72827-08-8
MF:
C4H4ClNO4S
Chemical Name:
Pazopanib iMpurity
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Acetic acid, 2-[2-[2-[4-[(4- chlorophenyl)phenylMethyl]-1-piperazinyl]ethoxy]ethoxy]-
CAS:
682323-77-9
MF:
C23H29ClN2O4
Chemical Name:
edaravone iMpurity
Structure:
Chemical Name:
(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-(3-((5-(4-fluorophenyl)thiophen-2-yl)Methyl)-4-Methylphenyl)-6-(hydroxyMethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol
MF:
C24H25FO5S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Androst-16-en-3-ol, 17-(3-pyridinyl)-, acetate (ester),(3β,5α)-
CAS:
219843-76-2
MF:
C26H35NO2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
5-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carbaldehyde
MF:
C11H8FNO
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Ganciclovir EP Impurity H
CAS:
84222-50-4
MF:
C9H13N5O4
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-[4-[(1E)-1,2-Diphenylethenyl]phenoxy]-N,N-dimethylethanamine
CAS:
97151-10-5
MF:
C24H25NO
Structure:
Chemical Name:
[S-(R*,R*)]-3,3'-Dithiobis[2-methylpropanoic acid]
CAS:
65134-74-9
MF:
C8H14O4S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
(E)-1-(4-(2-Methyl-10H-benzo[b]thieno[2,3-e][1,4]diazepin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone
CAS:
935272-10-9
MF:
C18H20N4OS
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-(thiophen-3-yl)ethyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate
CAS:
40412-09-7
MF:
C13H14O3S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Posaconazole iMpurity 6
CAS:
2185472-85-7
MF:
C30H35N5O3
Chemical Name:
Everolimus Isomer C
Structure:
Chemical Name:
(S)-2-(2-(5-chloro-N-(4-(5-((5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxamido)methyl)-2-oxooxazolidin-3-yl)phenyl)thiophene-2-carboxamido)ethoxy)acetic acid
CAS:
1151893-81-0
MF:
C24H21Cl2N3O7S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cilastatin ammonium salt
CAS:
877674-82-3
MF:
C16H29N3O5S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
ACETIC ACID 2-METHOXY-4-(5-OXO-2-PHENYL-OXAZOL-4-YLIDENEMETHYL)-PHENYL ESTER
CAS:
18692-68-7
MF:
C19H15NO5