3-Picoline Property

Melting point:

-19 °C (lit.)

Boiling point:

144 °C (lit.)

Density 

0.957 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)

vapor density 

3.2 (vs air)

vapor pressure 

4.4 mm Hg ( 20 °C)

refractive index 

n20/D 1.504(lit.)

Flash point:

97 °F

storage temp. 

Flammables area

solubility 

alcohol: miscible(lit.)

form 

Liquid

pka

5.68(at 20℃)

color 

Clear yellow

Odor

Unpleasant

PH

10 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)

explosive limit

1.3-8.7%(V)

Water Solubility 

soluble

Merck 

14,7401

BRN 

1366

Dielectric constant

11.1

Stability:

Stable. Flammable. Hygroscopic. Incompatible with oxidizing agents.

InChIKey

ITQTTZVARXURQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N

LogP

1.2 at 20℃

CAS DataBase Reference

108-99-6(CAS DataBase Reference)

NIST Chemistry Reference

Pyridine, 3-methyl-(108-99-6)

IARC

3 (Vol. 122) 2019

EPA Substance Registry System

3-Methylpyridine (108-99-6)

Safety

Hazard Codes 

C,Xn

Risk Statements 

10-20/21/22-34-36/37/38-22

Safety Statements 

16-26-36/37/39-45-36

RIDADR 

UN 2313 3/PG 3

WGK Germany 

1

RTECS 

TJ5000000

Autoignition Temperature

~1000 °F

TSCA 

Yes

HazardClass 

3

PackingGroup 

III

HS Code 

29333999

Hazardous Substances Data

108-99-6(Hazardous Substances Data)

Toxicity

bird - wild,LD50,oral,1gm/kg (1000mg/kg),Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Vol. 12, Pg. 355, 1983.

Hazard and Precautionary Statements (GHS)

Symbol(GHS)

Signal word

Danger

Hazard statements

H226Flammable liquid and vapour

H302Harmful if swallowed

H314Causes severe skin burns and eye damage

Precautionary statements

P210Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. — No smoking.

P280Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.

P301+P312IF SWALLOWED: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician IF you feel unwell.

P303+P361+P353IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off Immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse SKIN with water/shower.

P305+P351+P338IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continuerinsing.

3-Picoline Chemical Properties,Usage,Production

Chemical Properties

colourless liquid

Chemical Properties

Picolines are colorless liquids. Strong, unpleasant, pyridine-like odor.“Picoline” is often used as mixed isomers.

Occurrence

3-Methylpyridine is released during the production of fossil fuels. It is formed as a byproduct of coke production (Naizer and Mashek 1974); is present in coal gasification wastewater (Giabbai et al 1985); is a contaminant of groundwater near underground coal gasification sites (Stuermer and Morris 1982); is a component of groundwater contaminated with coal-tar waste (Pereira et al 1983); and is found in shale oil wastewaters (Hawthorne and Sievers 1984; Hawthorne et al 1985). It is formed upon pyrolysis of wood (Yasuhara and Sugiura 1987) and is a constituent of cigarette (IARC 1986; Sakuma et al 1984) and marijuana (Merli et al 1981) smoke. 3-Methylpyridine is formed during the thermal degradation of nicotine in the burning of tobacco (Schmelz et al 1979). The chemical is also present in brewed coffee (Sasaki et al 1987) and black tea (Werkoff and Hubert 1975). 3-Methylpyridine has been detected along with other micropollutants in the Barcelona water supply (Rivera et al 1987). Methods for the biological treatment of wastewater high in the chemical have been developed (Roubiskova 1986). The biodegradability of 3-methylpyridine has been studied in various soils (Sims and Sommers 1985, 1986).

Uses

A useful precursor to agrochemicals and antidotes for organophosphate poisoning.

Uses

3-Picoline is used as a precursor in pharmaceuticals and agricultural industries. It acts as a precursor to 3-cyanopyridine, niacin, vitamin-B. It is an antidote for organophosphate poisoning.

Uses

Solvent; intermediate in the dye and resins industries; in the manufacture of insecticides, waterproofing agents, niacin, and niacinamide.

Definition

ChEBI: 3-methylpyridine is a methylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 3.

Production Methods

There are three major methods of 3-methylpyridine manufacturing: (1) vaporphase reaction of acetaldehyde and ammonia with formaldehyde and/or methanol in the presence of an acidic catalyst (e.g. Si02A103); (2) extraction from bone oil; (3) dry distillation of bones or coal (Hawley 1977; Parmeggiani 1983).

General Description

Colorless liquid with a sweetish odor .

Air & Water Reactions

Highly Flammable. Water soluble.

Reactivity Profile

3-Picoline may react with oxidizing materials . Neutralizes acids in exothermic reactions to form salts plus water. May be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen may be generated in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides.

Health Hazard

HARMFUL if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through skin. Material is extremely destructive to tissue of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract, eyes and skin. Inhalation may be fatal as a result of spasm, inflammation of larynx and bronchi, chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary edema. Symptoms of exposure may include burning sensation, coughing, wheezing, laryngitis, shortness of breath, headache, nausea and vomiting.

Health Hazard

Clinical signs of intoxication caused by alkyl derivatives of pyridine including weight loss, diarrhea, weakness, ataxia and unconsciousness (RTECS 1988). Poisoning in a 32 year old male exposed to industrial vapors was characterized by unique autonomic disturbances against asthenic background (angiodystonia, tendency toward hypotonia and bradycardia, increase of pilomotor reflex, and disturbances of thermoregulation) and by polyneuritic phenomena (Budanova 1973).
A 58-year old man occupationally exposed to 3-methylpyridine for 11 years showed an increase in liver glutamic pyruvic transaminase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (Caballeria et al 1979).

Fire Hazard

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Vapors may travel considerable distance to a source of ignition and flashback. Forms explosive mixtures in air. Emits toxic fumes under fire conditions.

Flammability and Explosibility

Flammable

Industrial uses

3-Methylpyridine can be used as a solvent, an intermediate in the dye and resin industries, in the manufacture of insecticides, as a waterproofing agent, in synthesis of pharmaceuticals, as rubber accelerators and a laboratory reagent (Hawley 1977; Windholz et al 1983). It is also used as a chemical intermediate for niacin and niacinamide (anti-pellagra vitamins) production. U.S. production in 1978 was estimated at 1.32-2.07xl0⁷ kg (HSDB 1988).

Safety Profile

Poison by intravenous and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion. Flammable when exposed to heat or flame; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx.

Synthesis

In a vapor-phase reaction over a nickel- containing catalyst in the presence of hydrogen, 2-methylglutaronitrile gives 3-methylpiperidine, which then undergoes dehydrogenation over palladium – alumina to give 3-methylpyridine:

A one-step gas-phase reaction over a palladium- containing catalyst is reported to give 3-methylpyridine in 50 % yield.

Potential Exposure

(o-isomer); Suspected reprotoxic hazard, Primary irritant (w/o allergic reaction), (m-isomer): Possible risk of forming tumors, Primary irritant (w/o allergic reaction). Picolines are used as intermediates in pharmaceutical manufacture, pesticide manufacture; and in the manufacture of dyes and rubber chemicals. It is also used as a solvent.

Carcinogenicity

No reliable studies in mammals to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of any of the three methylpyridines were found. None of the methylpyridines is listed as a carcinogen by IARC, NTP, OSHA, or ACGIH.

Metabolism

Methylpyridines can be absorbed by inhalation, ingestion and skin contact (Parmeggiana 1983). The percentage uptake of 3-methylpyridine by rats increased with dosage; elimination occurred in 2 phases, the duration of which also was dose dependent (Zharikov and Titov 1982). Addition of a methyl group to pyridine greatly increased the rate of uptake into liver, kidney and brain of rats (Zharikov et al 1983). The position of the methyl group drastically influenced the pharmacokinetics of the methylpyridines, with 3-methylpyridine exhibiting the longest biological halflife.
N-Oxidation is a minor route for 3-methylpyridine biotransformation with 6.6, 4.2, and 0.7% biotransformation of the dose, respectively, being excreted in the urine of mice, rats and guinea pigs receiving i.p. doses of the chemical (Gorrod and Damani 1980). Urinary excretion of 3-methylpyridine N-oxide was increased following pretreatment of mice with phenobarbital but 3-methylcholanthrene had no appreciable effect on N-oxide elimination (Gorrod and Damani 1979a, 1979b). The structure of 3-methylpyridine N-oxide has been verified by mass spectrometry (Cowan et al 1978).

Shipping

UN2313 Picolines, Hazard Class: 3; Labels: 3-Flammable liquid.

Purification Methods

In general, the same methods of purification that are described for 2-methylpyridine can be used. However, 3-methylpyridine often contains 4-methylpyridine and 2,6-lutidine, neither of which can be removed satisfactorily by drying and fractionation, or by using the ZnCl2 complex. Biddiscombe and Handley [J Chem Soc 1957 1954], after steam distillation as for 2-methylpyridine, treated the residue with urea to remove 2,6-lutidine, then azeotropically distilled with acetic acid (the azeotrope had b 114.5o/712mm), and recovered the base by adding excess of aqueous 30% NaOH, drying with solid NaOH and carefully fractionally distilling. The distillate is then fractionally crystallised by slow partial freezing. An alternative treatment [Reithoff et al. Ind Eng Chem (Anal Edn) 18 458 1946] is to reflux the crude base (500mL) for 20-24hours with a mixture of acetic anhydride (125g) and phthalic anhydride (125g) followed by distillation until phthalic anhydride begins to pass over. The distillate is treated with NaOH (250g in 1.5L of water) and then steam distilled. Addition of solid NaOH (250g) to this distillate (ca 2L) led to the separation of 3-methylpyridine which is removed, dried (K2CO3, then BaO) and fractionally distilled. (Subsequent fractional freezing would probably be advantageous.) The hydrochloride has m 85o, and the picrate has m 153o(from Me2CO, EtOH or H2O). [Beilstein 20 III/IV 2710, 20/5 V 506.]

Incompatibilities

Vapors may form explosive mixture with air. Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides. Attacks copper and its alloys.