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Citric acid

Product Name
Citric acid
CAS No.
77-92-9
Chemical Name
Citric acid
Synonyms
Citric acid anhydrous;Anhydrous citric acid;BETZ 6251;acid citric;citric acid solution;Citric acid Anhydrate;Citro;CheMfill;Citric acid anhydrou;BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PH 4.00
CBNumber
CB9854361
Molecular Formula
C6H8O7
Formula Weight
192.12
MOL File
77-92-9.mol
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Citric acid Property

Melting point:
153-159 °C (lit.)
Boiling point:
248.08°C (rough estimate)
Density 
1.67 g/cm3 at 20 °C
vapor density 
7.26 (vs air)
vapor pressure 
<0.1 hPa (20 °C)
refractive index 
1.493~1.509
FEMA 
2306 | CITRIC ACID
Flash point:
100 °C
storage temp. 
2-8°C
solubility 
Citric acid also dissolves in absolute (anhydrous) ethanol (76 parts of citric acid per 100 parts of ethanol) at 15 °C.
form 
grit
pka
3.14(at 20℃)
color 
White
PH
3.24(1 mM solution);2.62(10 mM solution);2.08(100 mM solution);
Odor
Odorless
Odor Type
odorless
explosive limit
8%, 65°F
Water Solubility 
soluble in Water (1174g/L at 10°C, 1809g/L at 30°C, 3825g/L at 80°C).
Sensitive 
Hygroscopic
λmax
λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.20
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.10
Merck 
14,2326
JECFA Number
218
BRN 
782061
Stability:
Stable. Incompatible with bases, strong oxidizing agents, reducing agents, metal nitrates.
InChIKey
KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP
-1.64
CAS DataBase Reference
77-92-9(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-(77-92-9)
EPA Substance Registry System
Citric acid (77-92-9)
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Safety

Hazard Codes 
Xi,C,T
Risk Statements 
41-36/37/38-36/38-37/38-34-36-35-61-60
Safety Statements 
26-39-37/39-24/25-36/37/39-45-36-53
RIDADR 
UN 1789 8/PG 3
WGK Germany 
1
RTECS 
GE7350000
F 
9
TSCA 
Yes
HS Code 
2918 14 00
Hazardous Substances Data
77-92-9(Hazardous Substances Data)
Toxicity
LD50 in mice, rats (mmol/kg): 5.0, 4.6 i.p. (Gruber, Halbeisen)
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Hazard and Precautionary Statements (GHS)

Symbol(GHS)
Signal word
Warning
Hazard statements

H319Causes serious eye irritation

H335May cause respiratory irritation

Precautionary statements

P261Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.

P264Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

P264Wash skin thouroughly after handling.

P271Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.

P280Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.

P305+P351+P338IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continuerinsing.

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N-Bromosuccinimide Price

Sigma-Aldrich
Product number
W230618
Product name
Citric acid
Purity
≥99.5%, FCC, FG
Packaging
1kg
Price
$77.6
Updated
2024/03/01
Sigma-Aldrich
Product number
W230618
Product name
Citric acid
Purity
≥99.5%, FCC, FG
Packaging
10Kg
Price
$228
Updated
2024/03/01
Sigma-Aldrich
Product number
W230618
Product name
Citric acid
Purity
≥99.5%, FCC, FG
Packaging
25kg
Price
$305
Updated
2024/03/01
Sigma-Aldrich
Product number
CX1723
Product name
Citric Acid, Anhydrous
Purity
anhydrous Meets ACS Specifications, Meets Reagent Specifications for testing USP/NF monographs GR ACS
Packaging
500g
Price
$79.6
Updated
2024/03/01
Sigma-Aldrich
Product number
CX1723
Product name
Citric Acid, Anhydrous
Purity
anhydrous Meets ACS Specifications, Meets Reagent Specifications for testing USP/NF monographs GR ACS
Packaging
2.5kg
Price
$150
Updated
2024/03/01
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Citric acid Chemical Properties,Usage,Production

Description

Citric acid is a white, crystalline, weak organic acid present in most plants and many animals as an intermediate in cellular respiration. Citric acid contains three carboxyl groups making it a carboxylic, more specifically a tricarboxylic, acid.the name citrus originates from the Greek kedromelon meaning apple of melon for the fruit citron. Greek works mention kitron, kitrion, or kitreos for citron fruit, which is an oblong fruit several inches long from the scrublike tree Citrus medica. Lemons and limes have high citric acid content, which may account for up to 8% of the fruit's dry weight.

Citric acid is a weak acid and loses hydrogen ions from its three carboxyl groups (COOH) in solution.the loss of a hydrogen ion from each group in the molecule results in the citrate ion,C3H5O(COO)33. A citric acid molecule also forms intermediate ions when one or two hydrogen atoms in the carboxyl groups ionize.the citrate ion combines with metals to form salts, the most common of which is calcium citrate. Citric acid forms esters to produce various citrates, for example trimethyl citrate and triethyl citrate.

Chemical Properties

Citric acid is soluble 66 % in water, 33% in alcohol, 3% in ether. Soluble about 20% in Propylene glycol. Virtually odorless. The aqueous solution has a clean acid taste, pleasant in the concentration of 0.02 to 0.08%. Citric acid is a weak organic acid with the formula C6H8O7. It is a natural preservative / conservative and is also used to add an acidic, or sour, taste to foods and soft drinks. In biochemistry, the conjugate base of citric acid, citrate, is important as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms.
Citric acid is a commodity chemical, and more than a million tonnes are produced every year by fermentation. It is used mainly as an acidifier, as a flavoring, and as a chelating agent.

Physical properties

CITRIC ACID, white crystalline solid, decomposes at higher temperatures, sp gr 1.542. Citric acid is soluble in H2O or alcohol and slightly soluble in ether. The compound is a tribasic acid, forming mono-, di-, and tri- series of salts and esters.It occurs in large amounts is citrus fruits, and is used widely in industry as an acidifier, as a flavoring and chelating agent. pKa values are 5.21, 4.28 and 2.92 at 25 °C (extrapolated to zero ionic strength).
Citric acid is a good buffering agent for solutions between about pH 2 and pH 8. It is popular in many buffers in many techniques, electrophoresis (SSC Buffer #), to stop reactions, for biopurifications, crystallography... In biological systems around pH 7, the two species present are the citrate ion and mono-hydrogen citrate ion. the pH of a 1 mM solution of citric acid will be about 3.2.

Occurrence

Citric acid exists in greater than trace amounts in a variety of fruits and vegetables, most notably citrus fruits. Lemons and limes have particularly high concentrations of the acid; it can constitute as much as 8 % of the dry weight of these fruits (about 47 g/L in the juices ) . The concentrations of citric acid in citrus fruits range from 0.005 mol/L for oranges and grapefruits to 0.30 mol/L in lemons and limes. Within species, these values vary depending on the cultivar and the circumstances in which the fruit was grown.

History

The discovery of citric acid is credited to Jabir ibn Hayyan (Latin name Geber, 721–815).
Citric acid was first isolated in 1784 by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742–1786), who crystallized it from lemon juice.
The crystalline structure of anhydrous citric acid, obtained by cooling hot concentrated solution of the monohydrate form, was first elucidated by Yuill and Bennett in 1934 by X-ray diffraction.
In 1960 Nordman and co-workers further suggested that in the anhydrous form two molecules of the acid are linked through hydrogen bonds between two –COOH groups of each monomer.

Uses

citric acid has astringent and anti-oxidant properties. It can also be used as a product stabilizer, pH adjuster, and preservative with a low sensitizing potential. It is not usually irritating to normal skin, but it can cause burning and redness when applied to chapped, cracked, or otherwise inflamed skin. It is derived from citrus fruits.

Uses

Citric Acid is an acidulant and antioxidant produced by mold fermentation of sugar solutions and by extraction from lemon juice, lime juice, and pineapple canning residue. it is the predominant acid in oranges, lemons, and limes. it exists in anhydrous and monohydrate forms. the anhydrous form is crystallized in hot solutions and the monohydrate form is crystallized from cold (below 36.5°c) solutions. anhydrous citric acid has a solubility of 146 g and monohydrate citric acid has a solubility of 175 g/100 ml of distilled water at 20°c. a 1% solution has a ph of 2.3 at 25°c. it is a hygroscopic, strong acid of tart flavor. it is used as an acidulant in fruit drinks and carbonated beverages at 0.25-0.40%, in cheese at 3-4%, and in jellies. it is used as an antioxidant in instant potatoes, wheat chips, and potato sticks, where it prevents spoilage by trapping the metal ions. it is used in combination with antioxidants in the processing of fresh frozen fruits to prevent discoloration.

Preparation

By mycological fermentation using molasses and strains of Aspergillus niger; from citrus juices and pineapple wastes

Application

Citric acid is a weak organic acid that is known as a commodity chemical, as more than a million tonnes are produced every year by mycological fermentation on an industrial scale using crude sugar sol utions, such as molasses and strains of Aspergillus niger. Citric acid is widely distributed in plants and in animal tissues and fluids and exist in greater than grace amounts in variety of fruits and vegetables, most notably in citrus fruits such as lemon and limes. Citric acid is mainly used as an acidifier, flavoring agent and chelating agent. It was also used as a chemical restrainer particularly in developers for the collodion process and in silver nitrate solutions used for sensitizing salted and albumen papers.

Definition

ChEBI: Citric acid is a tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms. It has a role as a food acidity regulator, a chelator, an antimicrobial agent and a fundamental metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a citrate(1-) and a citrate anion.

Biotechnological Production

Fermentation is the technology of choice for citric acid synthesis. Different bacteria (e.g. Arthrobacter paraffinens and Bacillus licheniformis), filamentous fungi (e.g. Aspergilus niger and Penicillium citrinum) and yeasts (e.g. Candida tropicalis and Yarrowia lipolytica) are able to produce citric acid. Due to high productivity and easy handling, citric acid is usually produced by fermentation with A. niger. For example, a product concentration of 114 g.L-1 within 168 h has been reached by cultivation of A. niger GCMC 7 on cane molasses . On the industrial scale, submerged cultivation, surface fermentation and solid-state fermentation are used.
In general, molasses, starch hydrolyzate and starch are used as substrates. However, there are various studies for alternative raw materials. Solid-state fermentation of inexpensive agricultural wastes is one possibility. For example, high yields up to 88 % have been achieved using grape pomace as substrate. Lowering the cost of product recovery is crucial. Different methods using precipitation, solvent extraction, adsorption, or in situ product recovery have been described. One interesting process could be the in situ crystallization of citric acid during fermentation to improve the economics.

Aroma threshold values

By mycological fermentation using molasses and strains of Aspergillus niger; from citrus juices and pineapple wastes

benefits

Citric acid is not a vitamin or mineral and is not required in the diet. However, citric acid, not to be confused with ascorbic acid (vitamin C), is beneficial for people with kidney stones. It inhibits stone formation and breaks up small stones that are beginning to form. Citric acid is protective; the more citric acid in your urine, the more protected you are against forming new kidney stones. Citrate, used in calcium citrate supplements and in some medications (such as potassium citrate), is closely related to citric acid and also has stone prevention benefits. These medications may be prescribed to alkalinize your urine.

General Description

Citric acid appears as colorless, odorless crystals with an acid taste. Denser than water. (USCG, 1999)

Air & Water Reactions

The pure material is moisture sensitive (undergoes slow hydrolysis) Water soluble.

Reactivity Profile

Citric acid reacts with oxidizing agents, bases, reducing agents and metal nitrates . Reactions with metal nitrates are potentially explosive. Heating to the point of decomposition causes emission of acrid smoke and fumes [Lewis].

Health Hazard

Inhalation of dust irritates nose and throat. Contact with eyes causes irritation.

Biochem/physiol Actions

Citric acid in dietary form can augments absorption of aluminium in antacids. It also facilitates the phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and can transform cadmium into more transportable forms.

Biotechnological Applications

Citric acid cycle
Citrate, the conjugate base of citric acid is one of a series of compounds involved in the physiological oxidation of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and water.
This series of chemical reactions is central to nearly all metabolic reactions, and is the source of two-thirds of the foodderived energy in higher organisms. Hans Adolf Krebs received the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery. The series of reactions is known by various names, including the "citric acid cycle", the "Krebs cycle" or "Szent-Gy?rgyi — Krebs cycle", and the "tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle".
Other biological roles
Citrate is a critical component of bone, helping to regulate the size of calcium crystals.

Safety Profile

Poison by intravenous route. Moderately toxic by subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes. Mildly toxic byingestion. A severe eye and moderate skin irritant. An irritating organic acid, some allergenic properties. Combustible liquid. Potentially explosive reaction with metal nitrates. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and fumes.

Citric acid Preparation Products And Raw materials

Raw materials

Oxobutanedioic acid Calcium carbonate Sucrose Hydrochloric acid Sodium hydroxide Starch Molasses Paste Sulfuric acid ketene

Preparation Products

Ammonium citrate dibasic TERT-BUTYL 4-(3-FORMYLBENZYL)TETRAHYDRO-1(2H)-PYRAZINECARBOXYLATE Acetyl tributyl citrate METHYL 3-((PIPERIDIN-4-YL)METHYL)BENZOATE N-isopropyl-2-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-amine 1-CYCLOPROPYLPIPERAZINE 4-((1-(TERT-BUTOXYCARBONYL)PIPERIDIN-4-YL)METHYL)BENZOIC ACID 1-N-Boc-3-hydroxyazetidine METHYL 4-((PIPERIDIN-4-YL)METHYL)BENZOATE 4,4'-Oxydianiline D-Glucosamine hydrochloride 2-((1-(TERT-BUTOXYCARBONYL)PIPERIDIN-4-YL)METHYL)BENZOIC ACID 2-FLUORO-5-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID 5-FLUORO-4-HYDROXY-2-METHOXYBENZONITRILE 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylicacid,2-hydroxy-,potassiumsalt 1-Trityl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylic acid N-Boc-S-Trityl-L-cysteine 2-(PIPERAZIN-1-YL)-ACETIC ACID N-(2-PHENYLETHYL)-AMIDE TERT-BUTYL-4-(3-HYDROXYPROPYL)PIPERAZINE-1-CARBOXYLATE 4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)butyric acid 3-((1-(TERT-BUTOXYCARBONYL)PIPERIDIN-4-YL)METHYL)BENZOIC ACID 3-N-Boc-Aminomethylpiperidine 1-Boc-4-(2-formylphenyl)piperazine Phosphatizing liquid Disodium stannous citrate Fentanyl citrate 6-BROMO-2H-1,4-BENZOXAZIN-3(4H)-ONE Zinc citrate Rifapentine TERT-BUTYL 4-(4-FORMYLBENZYL)PIPERAZINE-1-CARBOXYLATE Potassium Citrate 2-FLUORO-5-METHOXYBENZOIC ACID Calcium citrate METHYL 2-((PIPERIDIN-4-YL)METHYL)BENZOATE 3-Amino-2-[4-butoxycarbonyl(piperazino)]pyridine Ammonium citrate tribasic Itaconic anhydride 5-BROMO-2-FLUOROPYRIDINE-3-CARBALDEHYDE 2-Fluoropyridine-4-carboxaldehyde Trisodium citrate dihydrate
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View Lastest Price from Citric acid manufacturers

Dorne Chemical Technology co. LTD
Product
Citric acid 77-92-9
Price
US $1.00/g
Min. Order
1g
Purity
99%
Supply Ability
100kg
Release date
2024-03-26
HebeiShuoshengImportandExportco.,Ltd
Product
Citric acid 77-92-9
Price
US $6.00/kg
Min. Order
1kg
Purity
99%
Supply Ability
2000KG/Month
Release date
2024-08-09
Hengshui Haoye Co.,Ltd.
Product
Citric acid anhydrous 77-92-9
Price
US $0.00/Kg/Bag
Min. Order
1T
Purity
99%
Supply Ability
20 tons
Release date
2021-07-30

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  • BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PHOSPHATE/SODIUM HYDROXIDE
  • BUFFER CONCENTRATE, POTASSIUM CHLORIDE/SODIUM HYDROXIDE
  • BUFFER CONCENTRATE, BORATE/HYDROCHLORIC ACID
  • BUFFER CONCENTRATE, BORIC ACID/POTASSIUM CHLORIDE/SODIUM HYDROXIDE
  • BUFFER CONCENTRATE, CITRATE/HYDROCHLORIC ACID
  • BUFFER CONCENTRATE, CITRATE/SODIUM HYDROXIDE
  • BUFFER CONCENTRATE, GLYCINE/HYDROCHLORIC ACID
  • BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PH 4.00
  • BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PH 5.00
  • BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PH 1.00
  • BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PH 10.00
  • BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PH 11.00
  • BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PH 12.00
  • BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PH 13.00
  • BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PH 2.00
  • BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PH 3.00
  • BUFFER SOLUTION, AMMONIUM CHLORIDE/AMMONIA
  • BUFFER SOLUTION, BORIC ACID/POTASSIUM CHLORIDE-SODIUM CHLORIDE
  • BUFFER SOLUTION, BORIC ACID/POTASSIUM CHLORIDE-SODIUM HYDROXIDE
  • BUFFER SOLUTION, CITRATE/HYDROCHLORIC ACID
  • BUFFER SOLUTION, CITRATE/SODIUM HYDROXIDE
  • BUFFER SOLUTION, GLYCINE/HYDROCHLORIC ACID
  • BUFFER SOLUTION, BORATE/HYDROCHLORIC ACID
  • BUFFER SOLUTION, PH 1, +/- 0.02
  • BUFFER SOLUTION, PH 11.00
  • CITRIC ACID FREE ACID, ANHYDROUS PLANTCE LL CULTURE
  • CITRIC ACID 99.5+% FCC
  • CITRIC ACID, 500MG, NEAT
  • AMMONIACAL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE BUFFER
  • Citric acid, anhydrous, for analysis ACS, 99.6%
  • Citric acid, anhydrous, for analysis, 99.5%
  • Citric acid, anhydrous, pure, 99%
  • anhydrouscitricacid
  • beta-Hydroxytricarballylic acid
  • beta-hydroxytricarballylicacid
  • beta-hydroxy-tricarboxylicacid
  • CITRIC ACID ANHYDROUS, FOR LUMINESCENCE
  • Citrate Ion Chromatography Standard Solution Fluka
  • CITRIC ACID, 99+%
  • CITRIC ACID SOLUTION 30 L
  • CITRIC ACID ANHYDROUS, ACS
  • CITRIC ACID ANHYDROUS, PH EUR, GRIT
  • Citric Acid Anhydrous USP/FCC, Fine Granular
  • Citric Acid Anhydrous USP/FCC, Granular
  • CitricAcidAnhydrousIp
  • CitricAcidLiquid
  • CitricAcidAnhydrousFcc
  • CitricAcid,FreeAcid
  • CitricAcidAnhydrousAr
  • CitricAcidAnhydrousGr
  • L-CitrullineForBiochemistry99+%
  • CitricAcid(Monohydrate&Anhydrate)