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Antibiotics

β-Lactamase inhibitors Aminoglycosides drugs Macrolides Peptides drug Polyenes drug Rifamycin drugs Lincosamides Drugs Other β- lactam Drugs Other antibiotic Drugs Penicillins drugs Tetracycline drugs Cephalosporins Drugs Amphenicols Drugs Agricultural antibiotics
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The first discovered antibiotic is penicillin. It was developed during World War II, due to the demand for effective anti-infective agent. In fact, people had realized the effects of these substances at as early as 1870s when people had observed the antagonistic phenomena between microorganisms. However, it was not until 1942 when S. A. Waksman observed these activities that people began to adopt the term of antibiotic. Although in 1928, A. Fleming had discovered the penicillin, however, people didn’t realize the importance of it due to that people hadn’t yet confirmed that this kind of natural-derived anti-microbial agents is capable of taking effect against systemic infection in humans and animals. It was not until the war pressure stimulated the research to combat infectious diseases agent, H. W. Florey and his colleagues E. B. Chain had extracted the refined products of penicillin and successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of penicillin treatment. In 1943, Waxman found a second antibiotic - streptomycin, and then proceeded to observe the antimicrobial effects of isolated bacitracin, neomycin, polymyxin, chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline and some other antibiotics, the importance of all antibiotics has shown up. With the success of the antibiotics in the chemical treatment, people have also further found that they also had wide applications in plant protection, animal husbandry, food preservation and other aspects.

Antibiotics generally refer to a class of substances produced during the life process of bacteria, fungi and other microbes with anti-pathogen properties. It is also important drugs for controlling the human and livestock diseases, anti-tumor as well as treatment of plant pest diseases. Antibiotic is a kind of secondary metabolites of microorganisms with small amount and low concentrations usage being able inhibit and kill another kind of microorganism. There are also some antibiotics having anti-tumor or other kinds of effect. Since the application of penicillin in medical treatment in the beginning of 1940, it had discovered and invented of several thousands of species of antibiotics, however there is no more than 100 kinds having been used in clinical application. These antibiotics are extracted from a microbial culture medium or manufactured through semi-synthesis or synthesis. Antibiotics, according to their origin and effect, are generally divided into penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and macrolide, anti-fungal and anti-tumor. There are divided to broad spectrum and narrow spectrum based on the antimicrobial spectrum range.

The antibacterial mechanism and the role of various antibiotics also vary. For example, penicillin and bacitracin can hinder the bacterial cell wall synthesis; peptide antibiotics can destroy the bacterial plasma membrane; chloramphenicol and streptomycin can interfere with the protein synthesis or nucleic acid synthesis. Some antibiotics have small spectrum; for example, penicillin is only effective against gram-positive bacteria, and thus being called narrow spectrum antibiotics. Some antibiotics have broader spectrum for example tetracycline has inhibitory effect on most bacteria and is called broad-spectrum antibiotics.

There are about 100 kinds of antibiotics that have been get applied. For example, penicillin, streptomycin, and gentamicin have been widely used for medical treatment. In agriculture kasugamycin and Jinggangmycin have been widely used in the prevention and treatment of rice germs. Blasticidin has been used for the control of rice blast; GA is used for promoting the growth of plants and so on. However, the use of antibiotics be according to the condition used and should be avoided of using indiscriminately. Some antibiotics can produce some side effects for example continuous application of streptomycin and gentamicin can cause deafness while overdose of chloramphenicol can cause leukopenia. Some people are allergic to certain antibiotics with fatal effect in serious conditions. Therefore, “skin test” is needed for some antibiotics (such as penicillin) before use.

Rational application of antibiotics is the key issue during antibiotic application. Blindly misuse of antibiotics, especially long-term use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, will not only lead to resistant strains, and many antibiotics have side effects that can’t be ignored. They can even cause severe consequence of “secondary infection” due to the destruction of the body's normal flora. Therefore, we must strictly apply them in accordance with the prescription.

Agricultural Antibiotics: Since in 1950s when people had found that blasticidin S is effective in treating rice blast, it has developed into a fairly large class of antibiotics to date. There are a lot of antibiotics of anti-bacterial and anti-fungal for treating crop diseases such as kasugamycin (kasugamycin), Jinggangmycin (i.e. validamycin), polyoxin and actidione and so on. Some pesticides such as aphid-killing agents such as tetranactin and piercicidin have excellent control effect on some crop pest diseases. Some antibiotics can also significantly promote the growth of plants such as GA (gibberellin) and so on.

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Chemical Name:
Clindmycin phosphate hydrochloride
Chemical Name:
PENICILLIN STREPTOMYCIN "GAMMA" IRRADIATED TISSUE CULTURE GRADE
Chemical Name:
BENZYLPENICILLIN POTASSIUM IMP.E (EP):PENICILLOIC ACIDS OF BENZYLPENICILLIN MM(CRM STANDARD)
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefazedone
CAS:
56187-47-4
MF:
C18H15Cl2N5O5S3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
TYROTHRICIN
CAS:
1404-88-2
MF:
C6H13NO5
Chemical Name:
PENICILLIN V USP(CRM STANDARD)
Chemical Name:
PHENOXYMETHYLPENICILLIN POTASSIUM IMP. E (EP): PHENOXYMETHYLPENICILLOIC ACID MM(CRM STANDARD)
Structure:
Chemical Name:
almecillin
CAS:
87-09-2
MF:
C13H18N2O4S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefazedone sodium salt
CAS:
63521-15-3
MF:
C18H14Cl2N5NaO5S3
Chemical Name:
Carbenicillin Disodium Salt
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Ceftazidime sodium
CAS:
73547-61-2
MF:
C22H23N6NaO7S2
Chemical Name:
IVERMECTIN PREMIX
Structure:
Chemical Name:
FORTIMICIN
CAS:
55779-06-1
MF:
C17H35N5O6
Chemical Name:
BENETHAMINE PENICILLIN
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Methicillin Sodium Salt
CAS:
132-92-3
MF:
C17H19N2NaO6S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cephaloridine
CAS:
50-59-9
MF:
C19H17N3O4S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cordycepin powder
MF:
C10H13N5O3
Chemical Name:
Chlortetracycline FEED GRADE
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefamandole
CAS:
34444-01-4
MF:
C18H18N6O5S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
KANAMYCIN
CAS:
59-01-8
MF:
C18H36N4O11
Structure:
Chemical Name:
TALAMPICILLIN
CAS:
47747-56-8
MF:
C24H23N3O6S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Ceforanide
CAS:
60925-61-3
MF:
C20H21N7O6S2
Chemical Name:
Penicillin G mixture
Chemical Name:
PENICILLIN V POTASSIUM USP(CRM STANDARD)
Chemical Name:
PENCILLIN G SODIUM USP(CRM STANDARD)
Chemical Name:
L-PHENETHICILLIN POTASSIUM USP(CRM STANDARD)
Chemical Name:
TICARCILLIN SODIUM EPT(CRM STANDARD)
Chemical Name:
Rifamycin Na
Chemical Name:
MeropeneM with SodiuM Carbonate
Structure:
Chemical Name:
SULFAMETHAZINE
CAS:
35762-76-6
MF:
C6H9N3O2S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
N-Demethyllincomycin
CAS:
2256-16-8
MF:
C17H32N2O6S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefteram pivoxil
CAS:
82547-81-7
MF:
C22H27N9O7S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefroxadine
CAS:
51762-05-1
MF:
C16H19N3O5S
Chemical Name:
Penicillin&StreptoMycin&NeoMycin solution,γ-Irradiated
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefonicid
CAS:
61270-58-4
MF:
C18H18N6O8S3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
TROLEANDOMYCIN
CAS:
2751-09-9
MF:
C41H67NO15
Structure:
Chemical Name:
PENICILLIN V
CAS:
87-08-1
MF:
C16H18N2O5S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
MICRONOMICIN SULFATE
CAS:
66803-19-8
MF:
C20H43N5O11S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
KANAMYCIN
CAS:
8063-07-8
MF:
C18H36N4O11
Chemical Name:
PENICILLIN G ALLERGY REAGENTS
Structure:
Chemical Name:
viomycin
CAS:
32988-50-4
MF:
C25H43N13O10
Chemical Name:
Cefadroxil Capsule
Chemical Name:
AMOXYCILLIN Sodium sterile IP/Bp
Chemical Name:
Quaternary oxytetracycline salt
Chemical Name:
7-AMCA
Chemical Name:
PENICILLIN G PROCAINE USP(CRM STANDARD)
Chemical Name:
PHENOXYMETHYLPENICILLIN POTASSIUM IMP. B (EP): PHENOXYACETIC ACID MM(CRM STANDARD)
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Isochlortetracyclinehydrochloride
CAS:
514-53-4
MF:
C22H23ClN2O8.ClH
Chemical Name:
Sodium oxolinate
CAS:
1391-41-9
Structure:
Chemical Name:
NAFCILLIN SODIUM SALT
CAS:
985-16-0
MF:
C21H21N2NaO5S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
(6R,7R)-7-[[(2Z)-2-(2-AMino-4-thiazolyl)-2-[(carboxyMethoxy)iMino]acetyl]aMino]-3-Methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic Acid
CAS:
72701-01-0
MF:
C15H15N5O7S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefbuperazone
CAS:
76610-84-9
MF:
C22H29N9O9S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Amikacin sulfate salt
CAS:
149022-22-0
MF:
C22H45N5O17S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
SULBENICILLIN
CAS:
41744-40-5
MF:
C16H18N2O7S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Rifamexil
CAS:
113102-19-5
MF:
C42H55N3O11S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
CEFADROXIL
CAS:
50370-12-2
MF:
C16H17N3O5S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
(6R-trans)-7-[[(2-AMino-4-thiazolyl)acetyl]aMino]-3-ethenyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic Acid
CAS:
79350-10-0
MF:
C14H14N4O4S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
BACAMPICILLIN
CAS:
50972-17-3
MF:
C21H27N3O7S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
ROKITAMYCIN
CAS:
74014-51-0
MF:
C42H69NO15
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Aspoxicillin
CAS:
63358-49-6
MF:
C21H27N5O7S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
MEPARTRICIN
CAS:
11121-32-7
MF:
C59H86N2O19
Structure:
Chemical Name:
NETILMICIN
CAS:
56391-56-1
MF:
C21H41N5O7
Structure:
Chemical Name:
cefacetrile
CAS:
10206-21-0
MF:
C13H13N3O6S
Chemical Name:
Cilastatin&imipenem
Chemical Name:
Clindamycin hydrochlorid capsules
Chemical Name:
Penicillin G sodium buffered
Chemical Name:
Cefclidin
Chemical Name:
PENICILLIN G BENZATHINE USP(CRM STANDARD)
Chemical Name:
AZLOCILLIN SODIUM USP(CRM STANDARD)
Chemical Name:
BENETHAMINE PENICILLIN BP(CRM STANDARD)
Chemical Name:
5-FORMAMIDE-1-(2-FORMYLOXYETHYL)PYRAZOLE
MF:
C7H9N3O3
Chemical Name:
BENZYLPENICILLIN BENZATHINE IMP. B (EP): PHENYLACETIC ACID G&Uuml
Structure:
Chemical Name:
PHENETHICILLIN POTASSIUM SALT
CAS:
132-93-4
MF:
C17H19KN2O5S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Ceftobiprole medocaril
CAS:
376653-43-9
MF:
C26H26N8O11S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1,2-Pyrrolidinedicarboxylic acid, 4-[(Methylsulfonyl)oxy]-, 2-Methyl 1-[(4-nitrophenyl)Methyl] ester, (2S,4R)-
CAS:
138324-82-0
MF:
C15H18N2O9S
Chemical Name:
Penicillin&StreptoMycin&AMphotericin B solution,γ-Irradiated
Structure:
Chemical Name:
α-[[(Z)-2-(2-aMino-4-thiazolyl)-2-[(carboxyMethoxy)iMino]acetyl]aMino]-2-[(2R)-5-Methyl-7-oxo-1,2,5,7-tetrahydro-4H-furo[3,4-d][1,3]thiazin-2-yl]acetic Acid
CAS:
1335475-08-5
MF:
C16H17N5O8S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
RIFAMYCIN SV
CAS:
6998-60-3
MF:
C37H47NO12
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefditoren
CAS:
104145-95-1
MF:
C19H18N6O5S3
Chemical Name:
FLUCLOXACILLIN SODIUM EPF(CRM STANDARD)
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Flomoxef sodium
CAS:
92823-03-5
MF:
C15H19F2N6NaO7S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Imipenem-Cilastatin sodium hydrate
CAS:
92309-29-0
MF:
C28H43N5O9S2
Chemical Name:
FLORFENICOL POWDER
Structure:
Chemical Name:
6-Deoxy-4-epioxytetracycline
CAS:
6543-77-7
MF:
C22H24N2O8
Structure:
Chemical Name:
CARBENICILLIN PHENYL SODIUM
CAS:
27025-49-6
MF:
C23H22N2O6S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
NYSTATIN A1 TRIHYDRATE
CAS:
34786-70-4
MF:
C47H75NO17
Chemical Name:
CHLOROAMPHENICOL VETRANAL
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Neomycin
CAS:
1404-04-2
MF:
C23H52N6O25S3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
BACAMPICILLIN HYDROCHLORIDE
CAS:
37661-08-8
MF:
C21H28ClN3O7S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
rifamide
CAS:
2750-76-7
MF:
C43H58N2O13
Chemical Name:
Clindmycin palmitate hydrochloride
Chemical Name:
Ceftetram
Chemical Name:
Penicillin G procaine/Potassium 3:1
Chemical Name:
Penicillin G potassium,non sterile
Chemical Name:
Oxytetracycline dihydrate injections
Chemical Name:
BENZATHINE BENZYLPENICILLIN EPB(CRM STANDARD)
Chemical Name:
4-HYDROXY PHENOXYMETHYLPENICILLIN EPH(CRM STANDARD)
Chemical Name:
PIVMECILLINAM HYDROCHLORIDE EPP(CRM STANDARD)
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cefdinir Related Compound A (10 mg) (2(R)-2-[(Z)-2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetamido]-2-[(2RS,5RS)-5-methyl-7-oxo-2,4,5,7-tetrahydro-1Hfuro[3,4-d][1,3]thiazin-2-yl]acetic acid)
CAS:
178422-42-9
MF:
C14H15N5O6S2
Chemical Name:
Clavulanate PotassiuM+Microcrystalline cellulose(1:1)