(+)-Dipentene Chemical Properties

Melting point:

-75--73°C

Boiling point:

176-177 °C(lit.)

alpha 

112o (10% IN ETHANOL)

Density 

0.842 g/mL at 20 °C(lit.)

vapor density 

4.7 (vs air)

vapor pressure 

1 mm Hg ( 20 °C)

refractive index 

n20/D 1.473(lit.)

FEMA 

2633 | D-LIMONENE

Flash point:

119 °F

storage temp. 

Store below +30°C.

solubility 

water: insoluble

Specific Gravity

0.842 (20/4℃)

color 

Colorless to Almost colorless

Odor

at 100.00 %. citrus orange fresh sweet

Odor Type

citrus

explosive limit

0.7-6.1%(V)

optical activity

[α]20/D +120°, neat

Water Solubility 

Miscible with alcohol,chloroform,ether and carbondisulfide.Immiscible with water.

Merck 

14,5493

JECFA Number

1326

BRN 

2204754

Stability:

Stable. Flammable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

LogP

4.38 at 25℃

CAS DataBase Reference

5989-27-5(CAS DataBase Reference)

IARC

3 (Vol. 56, 73) 1999

EPA Substance Registry System

D-Limonene (5989-27-5)

Safety Information

Hazard Codes 

Xi,N,Xn

Risk Statements 

10-38-43-50/53-65

Safety Statements 

24-37-60-61

RIDADR 

UN 2052 3/PG 3

WGK Germany 

2

RTECS 

GW6360000

F 

8-10-23

Autoignition Temperature

255 °C

TSCA 

Yes

HS Code 

2902 19 00

HazardClass 

3

PackingGroup 

III

Hazardous Substances Data

5989-27-5(Hazardous Substances Data)

Toxicity

LD50 orally in Rabbit: > 2000 mg/kg LD50 dermal Rabbit > 2000 mg/kg

(+)-Dipentene Usage And Synthesis

Description

d-Limonene has a pleasant, lemon-like odors free from campho raceous and turpentine-like. d-Limonene may be obtained by steam distillation of citrus peels and pulp resulting from the pro duction of juice and cold-pressed oils, or from deterpenation of citrus oils; it is sometimes redistilled.
The most important and widespread terpene; it is known in the el and I- optically active forms and in the optically inactive dl-form (known as dipentene); it has been reported found in more than 300 essential oils in amounts ranging from 90 - 95% (lemon, orange, mandarin) to as low as 1% (palmarosa);1 the most widespread form is the d-limonene, followed by the racemic form, and then ι- limonene.

Description

(+)-Limonene is a monoterpene that has been found in citrus oils and Cannabis and has diverse biological activities, including anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemoprotective properties. It inhibits the growth of bacteria including S. aureus, B. cereus, E. faecalis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis, and C. neoformans with MIC values ranging from 3 to 27 mg/ml. In a human BGC-823 gastric cancer nude mouse orthotopic transplantation model, (+)-limonene inhibits tumor growth by 47.6% compared to controls and reduces the number of metastases in the liver, peritoneum, and other organs when administered by gastric perfusion at a dose of 15 ml/kg of a 1% emulsion. Dietary administration of (+)-limonene (5 and 10% in chow) reverses doxorubicin-induced decreases in glutathione (GSH) levels in rat kidney. Formulations containing (+)-limonene have been used as flavoring and fragrance agents and in the treatment of gallstones, heartburn, and gastroesophageal reflux disorder.

Chemical Properties

d-, l- or dl-Limonene has a pleasant, lemon-like odor free from camphoraceous and turpentine-like notes. Limonene is the most important and widespread terpene; it is known in the d- and l- optically active forms and in the optically inactive dl-form (known as dipentene).

Chemical Properties

colourless liquid

Occurrence

It has been reported found in more than 300 essential oils in amounts ranging from 90 to 95% (lemon, orange, mandarin) to as low as 1% (palmarosa); the most widespread form is the d-limonene, followed by the racemic form and then l-limo nene. Also reported found in ginger, nutmeg, pepper, mace, hop oil, coriander seed, calamus, dill herb, caraway seed and rosemary.

Uses

Chiral building block. Biodegradable solvent. Limonene is used as a solvent for filament-fused 3D printing, in cosmetic products, as a fragrance and as a biofuel. It is useful to promote weight loss, prevent cancer, treat cancer and treat bronchitis. It also finds use in foods, beverages, chewing gum, as a flavoring agent and a shrinking agent to dissolve polystyrene. It acts as a chiral intermediate for natural product synthesis.

Uses

Reference Standard in the analysis of herbal medicinal products

Uses

(R)-(+)-Limonene has been used to investigate the in vitro and in vivo action of limonene against Leishmania species.

Definition

ChEBI: An optically active form of limonene having (4R)-configuration.

Preparation

d-Limonene may be obtained by steam distillation of citrus peels and pulp resulting from the production of juice and cold pressed oils, or from deterpenation of citrus oils; it is sometimes redistilled.

Aroma threshold values

Detection: 4 to 229 ppb

Taste threshold values

Taste characteristics at 30 ppm: sweet, orange, citrus and terpy.

General Description

Clear colorless mobile liquid with a pleasant lemon-like odor.

Air & Water Reactions

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Reactivity Profile

(+)-Dipentene is sensitive to exposure to light. Atmospheric oxidation can occur. (+)-Dipentene is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. (+)-Dipentene reacts violently with (iodine pentafluoride + tetrafluoroethylene). With dry hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromide, (+)-Dipentene forms monohalides. With aqueous hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromide, (+)-Dipentene forms the dihalide.

Fire Hazard

(+)-Dipentene is combustible.

Agricultural Uses

Insecticide, Animal and insect repellant, Slimicide: Used as an insecticide, insect repellent, and animal repellent. Not listed for use in EU countries. Registered for use in the U.S., Canada and other countries. There are 49 global suppliers.

Trade name

BUGAWAY®[C]; BUGCHASER®[C]; CARVENE®; DOO-NOT®; HOLIDAY FIRE ANT KILLER®

Contact allergens

d-Limonene is contained in Citrus species such as citrus, orange, mandarin, and bergamot. d-limonene, used as a solvent, may be found in cleansing or in degreasing agents. Its sensitizing potential increases with prolonged air contact, which induces oxidation and leads to oxidation products. The presence of d-limonene has to be mentioned by name in cosmetics of the EU.

Biochem/physiol Actions

Limonene is a cyclie terpene from Chinese medicinal herb essential oils used in the synthesis of carvone. Limonene may be used as a shrinking agent to dissolve polystyrene. Limonene may be used in various insecticidal and insect repellant applications.

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