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Monosaccharide

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Monosaccharide is the polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone comprising 3 to 7 carbon atoms in combination with hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The simplest monosaccharide is triose monosaccharide containing three carbon atoms. With the number increase of carbon atoms , there are tetrose, pentose and hexose and the like. The most important pentose in human body is ribose and deoxyribose, which form the RNA and DNA. The three most important monosaccharides are glucose, fructose and galactose, of which C6H12O6 is the common chemical formula. Monosaccharide structure has aldehyde or ketone group: glucose and galactose contain aldehyde group, and fructose contains ketone group. Due to the existence of aldehyde and ketone group, monosaccharide has reducibility and can be used to check whether there is urine or blood sugar. Monosaccharide contains multiple hydroxyl groups and can be used for esterification, glycosidation, deoxygenation, dehydration and amination reaction. Monosaccharide is the basic unit of many sugars, and the carbohydrate foods can be digested into monosaccharides, which are absorbed in the small intestine. Different monosaccharides have different absorption rates: 100 of glucose, 110 of galactose, 43 of fructose, 19 of mannose, 15 of xylulose, 9 of arabinose.

Monosaccharides are the basic components of marine life and carbohydrates in sea water and marine sediments. The major monosaccharides in marine plankton include (as usual abundance in the order listed) galactose, glucose, mannose, ribose, xylose, fucose, rhamnose and arabinose. The present forms of sugars in vivo are mainly polysaccharide and combined sugar. These monosaccharides can also be commonly found in seawater and sediments. Fructose lacks a big biological source in the ocean, but can be converted from glucose by epimerization in seawater.

The concentration range of individual monosaccharides in seawater is 0-20 μg/ L, and 10 mg carbon / L generally represents the total concentration of free monosaccharides. The total free monosaccharide content in seawater can be measured by the method of METH. The glucose content can be directly measured via enzymatic reaction or bioassay. The simultaneous determination of all individual monosaccharides in seawater sample are commonly carried out through chromatography. Since monosaccharide is non-volatile compounds, it must be processed via derivatization when used for gas chromatography, in which the same monosaccharide appears in different forms of anomer and gives complex  peaks. Liquid chromatography have more applications, such as the ethanol / water partition chromatography on anion exchange resin and the ion exchange chromatography in which boric acid complexes formed on the borate anion exchange resin.

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Structure:
Chemical Name:
Allyl 3-O-benzyl-2-O-chloroacetyl-a-L-rhamnopyranoside
CAS:
943307-50-4
MF:
C18H23ClO6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-a-D-galactopyranoside
CAS:
72904-85-9
MF:
C14H18O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
(+)-2,3-O-BENZYLIDENE-D-THREITOL
CAS:
58383-35-0
MF:
C11H14O4
Structure:
Chemical Name:
D-(-)-THREOSE
CAS:
95-43-2
MF:
C4H8O4
Structure:
Chemical Name:
PHENYL-N-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOSAMINIDE
CAS:
5574-80-1
MF:
C14H19NO6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
FLUOROPENTACHLOROACETONE
CAS:
2378-08-7
MF:
C3Cl5FO
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1,4-ANHYDRO-D-GLUCITOL
CAS:
27299-12-3
MF:
C6H12O5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-CHLORO-2-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE
CAS:
14685-79-1
MF:
C6H11ClO5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
D-GLUCOSAMINE-2,3-DISULFATE, DISODIUM SALT
CAS:
112898-34-7
MF:
C6H11NNa2O11S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
BENZYL N-ACETYL-4,6-O-BENZYLIDENEMURAMIC ACID
CAS:
74842-55-0
MF:
C25H29NO8
Structure:
Chemical Name:
BENZYL-2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-ALPHA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
3554-93-6
MF:
C15H21NO6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-mannose
CAS:
38440-79-8
MF:
C6H11FO5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
6-CHLORO-3-INDOXYL-N-ACETYL-BETA-D-GALACTOSAMINIDE
CAS:
501432-61-7
MF:
C16H19ClN2O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
UDP-ALPHA-D-GALACTOSE DISODIUM SALT
CAS:
137868-52-1
MF:
C15H25N2NaO17P2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4-Methylumbelliferyla-L-idopyranoside
CAS:
66901-41-5
MF:
C16H18O8
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4-NITROPHENYL-ALPHA-L-ARABINOFURANOSIDE
CAS:
6892-58-6
MF:
C11H13NO7
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1,2,3,4,6-PENTA-O-ACETYL-ALPHA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSE
CAS:
4163-59-1
MF:
C16H22O11
Structure:
Chemical Name:
AMYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
94483-64-4
MF:
C13H25NO6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4-Methylphenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-b-D-glucopyranoside
CAS:
28244-94-2
MF:
C21H26O9S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4,6-O-BENZYLIDENE-D-GALACTOSE
CAS:
3006-41-5
MF:
C13H16O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
3-NITROPHENYL-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
3150-25-2
MF:
C12H15NO8
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-(1'-Imidazoylsulfonyl)-1,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-alpha-D-ribofuranose
CAS:
97614-42-1
MF:
C29H24N2O10S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
RESORUFIN BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
101490-85-1
MF:
C18H17NO8
Structure:
Chemical Name:
L-IDURONIC ACID, SODIUM SALT
CAS:
2073-35-0
MF:
C6H10O7
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2,5-Anhydro-D-glucitol
CAS:
27826-73-9
MF:
C6H12O5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Ethyl4,6-O-benzylidene-b-D-thiogalactopyranoside
CAS:
56119-28-9
MF:
C15H20O5S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-ACETAMIDO-N-(E-AMINOCAPROYL)-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYLAMINE
CAS:
112898-10-9
MF:
C14H27N3O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
3,4-DI-O-ACETYL-L-ARABINAL
CAS:
3945-18-4
MF:
C9H12O5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
D-GALACTONO-1,4-LACTONE
CAS:
2782-07-2
MF:
C6H10O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Allyl 2-Acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy--D-glucopyranoside
CAS:
28738-44-5
MF:
C17H25NO9
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4,6-O-BENZYLIDENE-D-GLUCAL
CAS:
63598-36-7
MF:
C13H14O4
Structure:
Chemical Name:
ALPHA-D-GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE DIPOTASSIUM SALT DIHYDRATE
CAS:
19046-60-7
MF:
C6H14KO9P
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE
CAS:
13100-46-4
MF:
C14H20O10
Structure:
Chemical Name:
3-ACETYL-7-[BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYLOXY]-COUMARIN
CAS:
20943-16-2
MF:
C17H18O9
Structure:
Chemical Name:
DL-Dithiothreitol
CAS:
34834-12-3
MF:
C4H10O2S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
3-O-ACETYL-1,2:5,6-DI-O-ISOPROPYLIDENE-ALPHA-D-GLUCOFURANOSE
CAS:
16713-80-7
MF:
C14H22O7
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2,3,5-TRI-O-BENZYL-BETA-L-ARABINO-FURANOSE
CAS:
89615-42-9
MF:
C26H28O5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1-AMINO-1-DEOXY-BETA-D-GALACTOSE
CAS:
74867-91-7
MF:
C6H13NO5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
CARBOXYUMBELLIFERYL BETA-D-GLUCURONIDE
CAS:
216672-17-2
MF:
C16H14O11
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1-OXODODECYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
64395-91-1
MF:
C18H34O7
Structure:
Chemical Name:
3,5-Di-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2-deoxy-D-ribonolactone
CAS:
83159-91-5
MF:
C17H36O4Si2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2,6,8-TRICHLOROPURINE
CAS:
2562-52-9
MF:
C5HCl3N4
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4,5,7-TRI-O-ACETYL-2,6-ANHYDRO-3-DEOXY-D-LYXO-HEPT-2-ENONONITRILE,
CAS:
120085-63-4
MF:
C13H15NO7
Structure:
Chemical Name:
METHYL-4,6-O-BENZYLIDEN-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
6988-39-2
MF:
C14H18O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
ETHYL 2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
76155-50-5
MF:
C16H25NO9
Structure:
Chemical Name:
ISO-PROPYL 2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
7772-85-2
MF:
C17H27NO9
Structure:
Chemical Name:
DODECYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
147025-06-7
MF:
C20H39NO6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
HEXADECYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
115414-49-8
MF:
C24H47NO6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Allyl 2-O-acetyl-3-O-benzyl-a-L-rhamnopyranoside
CAS:
940274-20-4
MF:
C18H24O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
L-(+)-Erythrulose
CAS:
533-50-6
MF:
C4H8O4
Structure:
Chemical Name:
BENZYL 4,6-O-BENZYLIDENE-ALPHA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
57783-86-5
MF:
C20H22O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOSAMINE
CAS:
14131-68-1
MF:
C8H15NO6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4-O-ACETYL-2,5-ANHYDRO-1,3-ISOPROPYLIDENE-D-GLUCITOL
CAS:
70128-28-8
MF:
C11H18O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4-AMINOPHENYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
31302-52-0
MF:
C12H17NO6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
D-ARABINOSE 5-PHOSPHATE DISODIUM SALT
CAS:
89927-09-3
MF:
C5H9Na2O8P
Structure:
Chemical Name:
5-BROMO-4-CHLORO-3-INDOXYL-ALPHA-L-FUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
171869-92-4
MF:
C14H15BrClNO5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
3-AZIDO-2 3-DIDEOXY-1-O-(T-BUTYLDIMETHY&
CAS:
189454-43-1
MF:
C12H25N3O4Si
Structure:
Chemical Name:
NONYL THIOGLUCOSIDE
CAS:
98854-15-0
MF:
C15H30O5S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
D-(+)-XYLOSE
CAS:
41247-05-6
MF:
C5H10O5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
ALLOSE
CAS:
39392-62-6
MF:
C6H12O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
METHYL 2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-BETA-D-THIOGALACTOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
55722-48-0
MF:
C15H22O9S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
NONYL-2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
173725-23-0
MF:
C23H39NO9
Structure:
Chemical Name:
OCTADECYL 2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
135198-09-3
MF:
C32H57NO9
Structure:
Chemical Name:
L-RHAMNOSE DIETHYLMERCAPTAL
CAS:
6748-70-5
MF:
C10H22O4S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4'-CHLOROPHENYL 2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
50729-97-0
MF:
C20H24ClNO9
Structure:
Chemical Name:
P-NITROPHENYL BETA-L-ARABINOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
72732-54-8
MF:
C11H13NO7
Structure:
Chemical Name:
D-(-)-GULOSE
CAS:
4205-23-6
MF:
C6H12O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranose
CAS:
4292-12-0
MF:
C14H20O10
Structure:
Chemical Name:
D-Rhamnose
CAS:
634-74-2
MF:
C6H12O5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
DECYL-BETA-D-1-THIOGLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
98854-16-1
MF:
C16H32O5S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2,3,4-TRI-O-BENZYL-BETA-D-ARABINOPYRANOSE
CAS:
18039-26-4
MF:
C26H28O5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
L-PICEIN
CAS:
530-14-3
MF:
C14H18O7
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-β-D-glucopyranoside
CAS:
14155-23-8
MF:
C14H18O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1-O-ACETYL-2,3,5-TRI-O-BENZOYL-BETA-D-RIBOFURANOSE
CAS:
91110-24-6
MF:
C28H30O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL-BETA-D-FUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
55487-93-9
MF:
C16H18O7
Structure:
Chemical Name:
ALPHA-D(+)MANNOSE 1-PHOSPHATE SODIUM SALT
CAS:
99749-54-9
MF:
C6H12NaO9P
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4-NITROPHENYL-BETA-L-FUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
22153-71-5
MF:
C12H15NO7
Structure:
Chemical Name:
ALLYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
34384-79-7
MF:
C9H16O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1-NAPHTHYL-B-D-GLUCURONIDE, SODIUM SALT
CAS:
83833-12-9
MF:
C16H17NaO7
Structure:
Chemical Name:
D-MANNOSE 6-PHOSPHATE DISODIUM SALT
CAS:
33068-18-7
MF:
C6H14NaO9P
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1,2,3,5,6-PENTA-O-PROPANOYL-B-D-GLUCOFURANOSE
CAS:
307531-77-7
MF:
C21H32O11
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1-NAPHTHYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
19939-82-3
MF:
C16H18O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
NAPHTHOL AS-BI N-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOSAMINIDE
CAS:
3395-37-7
MF:
C26H27BrN2O8
Structure:
Chemical Name:
P-AMINOPHENYL-1-THIO-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOS IDE
CAS:
58737-22-7
MF:
C12H17NO5S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-N-CARBOBENZYLOXY-2-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSAMINE
CAS:
16684-31-4
MF:
C14H19NO7
Structure:
Chemical Name:
BENZYL ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
4304-12-5
MF:
C13H18O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
HEXYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
190912-49-3
MF:
C14H27NO6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2,3,4-Tri-O-benzoyl-alpha-D-glucopyranuronic acid methyl ester trichloroacetimidate
CAS:
169557-99-7
MF:
C30H24Cl3NO10
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-Acetamido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-D-galactose
CAS:
420118-03-2
MF:
C15H19NO6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Allyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
CAS:
20746-64-9
MF:
C16H20O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Allyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-a-D-glucopyranoside
CAS:
6207-45-0
MF:
C37H40O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Allyl 3-O-benzyl-2-O-p-tolylsulfonyl-a-L-rhamnopyranoside
CAS:
940274-22-6
MF:
C23H28O7S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1-NAPHTHYL-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
41335-32-4
MF:
C16H18O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL-2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-6-SULPHATE-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
142439-99-4
MF:
C18H20NO11S.Na
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-D-GLUCOHYDROXIMO-1,5-LACTONE
CAS:
132152-78-4
MF:
C14H20N2O9
Structure:
Chemical Name:
5-AZIDO-5-DEOXY-D-FRUCTOSE
CAS:
94801-02-2
MF:
C6H11N3O5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
6-CHLORO-3-INDOLYL-BETA-D-GLUCONORIDE SODIUM SALT
CAS:
216971-56-1
MF:
C14H13ClNO7.Na
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)UMBELLIFERYL-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
117153-55-6
MF:
C16H15F3O8
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Methyl 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-benzyl-a-D-galactopyranoside
CAS:
53008-63-2
MF:
C35H38O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Phenyl 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-a-D-mannopyranoside
CAS:
108032-93-5
MF:
C20H24O9S