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Monosaccharide

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Monosaccharide is the polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone comprising 3 to 7 carbon atoms in combination with hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The simplest monosaccharide is triose monosaccharide containing three carbon atoms. With the number increase of carbon atoms , there are tetrose, pentose and hexose and the like. The most important pentose in human body is ribose and deoxyribose, which form the RNA and DNA. The three most important monosaccharides are glucose, fructose and galactose, of which C6H12O6 is the common chemical formula. Monosaccharide structure has aldehyde or ketone group: glucose and galactose contain aldehyde group, and fructose contains ketone group. Due to the existence of aldehyde and ketone group, monosaccharide has reducibility and can be used to check whether there is urine or blood sugar. Monosaccharide contains multiple hydroxyl groups and can be used for esterification, glycosidation, deoxygenation, dehydration and amination reaction. Monosaccharide is the basic unit of many sugars, and the carbohydrate foods can be digested into monosaccharides, which are absorbed in the small intestine. Different monosaccharides have different absorption rates: 100 of glucose, 110 of galactose, 43 of fructose, 19 of mannose, 15 of xylulose, 9 of arabinose.

Monosaccharides are the basic components of marine life and carbohydrates in sea water and marine sediments. The major monosaccharides in marine plankton include (as usual abundance in the order listed) galactose, glucose, mannose, ribose, xylose, fucose, rhamnose and arabinose. The present forms of sugars in vivo are mainly polysaccharide and combined sugar. These monosaccharides can also be commonly found in seawater and sediments. Fructose lacks a big biological source in the ocean, but can be converted from glucose by epimerization in seawater.

The concentration range of individual monosaccharides in seawater is 0-20 μg/ L, and 10 mg carbon / L generally represents the total concentration of free monosaccharides. The total free monosaccharide content in seawater can be measured by the method of METH. The glucose content can be directly measured via enzymatic reaction or bioassay. The simultaneous determination of all individual monosaccharides in seawater sample are commonly carried out through chromatography. Since monosaccharide is non-volatile compounds, it must be processed via derivatization when used for gas chromatography, in which the same monosaccharide appears in different forms of anomer and gives complex  peaks. Liquid chromatography have more applications, such as the ethanol / water partition chromatography on anion exchange resin and the ion exchange chromatography in which boric acid complexes formed on the borate anion exchange resin.

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Structure:
Chemical Name:
4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL-ALPHA-L-FUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
54322-38-2
MF:
C16H18O7
Structure:
Chemical Name:
METHYL BETA-NEURAMINIC ACID
CAS:
56144-08-2
MF:
C10H19NO8
Structure:
Chemical Name:
5-O-Benzoyl-1,2-di-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-D-ribofuranose
CAS:
4613-71-2
MF:
C16H18O7
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-1,3,4,6-tetra-0-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranose
CAS:
14086-90-9
MF:
C16H23NO10
Structure:
Chemical Name:
6-CHLORO-6-DEOXY-D-MANNOSE
CAS:
14257-40-0
MF:
C14H19ClO9
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4-Methylumbelliferyl2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-b-D-glucopyranoside
CAS:
124167-45-9
MF:
C24H27NO11
Structure:
Chemical Name:
METHYL-2,3,4-TRI-O-BENZYL-L-FUCOPYRANOSE
CAS:
67576-77-6
MF:
C28H32O5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
BENZYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
13343-67-4
MF:
C15H21NO6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2,3,4-TRI-O-BENZYL-BETA-L-ARABINOPYRANOSE
CAS:
77943-33-0
MF:
C26H28O5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-D-GALACTOPYRANOSE
CAS:
47339-09-3
MF:
C14H20O10
Structure:
Chemical Name:
UDP-ALPHA-D-N-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE, DISODIUM SALT
CAS:
91183-98-1
MF:
C17H28N3NaO17P2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-NITROPHENYL-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE-6-PHOSPHATE DICYCLOHEXYL
CAS:
25405-62-3
MF:
C24H36NO11P
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1,2,3,4-DI-O-ISOPROPYLIDENE-ALPHA-D-FUCOPYRANOSE
CAS:
4026-27-1
MF:
C12H20O5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1-NAPHTHYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
208647-48-7
MF:
C16H18O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
BENZYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
13343-66-3
MF:
C21H27NO9
Structure:
Chemical Name:
D-XYLONIC ACID, CALCIUM SALT, HYDRATE
CAS:
72656-08-7
MF:
C10H22CaO14
Structure:
Chemical Name:
METHYL 2,3-DI-O-BENZOYL-4,6-O-BENZYLIDENE-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
56253-32-8
MF:
C28H26O8
Structure:
Chemical Name:
6-BROMO-2-NAPHTHYL-BETA-D-XYLOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
69594-75-8
MF:
C15H15BrO5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
METHYL 6-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
6340-52-9
MF:
C7H14O5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-PIVALOYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYL BROMIDE
CAS:
81058-27-7
MF:
C26H43BrO9
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-3-O-(methylsulfonyl)-alpha-D-glucofuranose
CAS:
5450-26-0
MF:
C13H22O8S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
3-Deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid
CAS:
112543-66-5
MF:
C9H16O9
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4-DEOXY-4-FLUORO-D-MANNOSE
CAS:
87764-47-4
MF:
C6H11FO5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
5-BROMO-4-CHLORO-3-INDOXYL-BETA-D-MANNOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
129787-67-3
MF:
C14H15BrClNO6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
N-BENZOYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE
CAS:
61949-16-4
MF:
C13H17NO6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
ALPHA-D-MANNOPYRANOSYL AZIDE TETRAACETAT
CAS:
65864-60-0
MF:
C14H19N3O9
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1,6-ANHYDRO-BETA-D-MANNOPYRANOSE
CAS:
14168-65-1
MF:
C6H10O5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
METHYL-BETA-D-THIOGLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
30760-09-9
MF:
C7H14O5S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4'-FORMYLPHENYL 2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
70622-68-3
MF:
C21H25NO10
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Allyl 2-O-benzoyl-3-O-benzyl-a-L-rhamnopyranoside
CAS:
940274-21-5
MF:
C23H26O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Ethyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-1-thio-b-D-glucopyranoside
CAS:
20701-61-5
MF:
C15H20O5S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1-O-Methyl-3,5-bis-O-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl]-2-C-methyl-alpha-D-ribofuranoside
CAS:
443642-31-7
MF:
C21H22Cl4O5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
L-erythro-2-Pentulose (9CI)
CAS:
2042-27-5
MF:
C5H10O5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-D-GLUCONHYDROXIMO-1,5-LACTONE
CAS:
132152-76-2
MF:
C8H14N2O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-CHLORO-4-NITROPHENYL-2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
35023-71-3
MF:
C20H22ClNO12
Structure:
Chemical Name:
UDP-ALPHA-D-N-ACETYLGALACTOSAMINE, DISODIUM SALT
CAS:
108320-87-2
MF:
C17H28N3NaO17P2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4-Nitrophenylb-D-thiomannopyranoside
CAS:
55385-51-8
MF:
C12H15NO7S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
L-(+)-ERYTHROSE
CAS:
533-49-3
MF:
C4H8O4
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1-NAPHTHYL-B-D-MANNOSE
CAS:
84297-22-3
MF:
C16H18O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1-DEOXY-1-MORPHOLINO-D-FRUCTOSE
CAS:
6291-16-3
MF:
C10H19NO6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
D-(+)-GALACTOSE
CAS:
10257-28-0
MF:
C6H12O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
OCTYL-2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
173725-22-9
MF:
C22H37NO9
Structure:
Chemical Name:
METHYL 2,3-O-ISOPROPYLIDENE-ALPHA-L-RHAMNOPYRANOSE
CAS:
14133-63-2
MF:
C10H18O5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
(1'-NAPHTHYL) 2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
121356-12-5
MF:
C24H27NO9
Structure:
Chemical Name:
HEPTYL 2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
115431-24-8
MF:
C21H35NO9
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4'-CHLOROPHENYL-2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
50730-05-7
MF:
C14H18ClNO6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Tribenoside
CAS:
10310-32-4
MF:
C29H34O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
3,5-Bis(benzoyl)-1-methanesulfonyloxy-2-deoxy-2,2-difluororibose
CAS:
134877-43-3
MF:
C20H18F2O8S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Methyl 2-O-acetyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-a-D-glucopyranoside
CAS:
25577-40-6
MF:
C16H20O7
Structure:
Chemical Name:
6-AZIDO-6-DEOXY-D-GALACTOSE
CAS:
66927-03-5
MF:
C6H11N3O5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2,3:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-D-mannono-1,4-lactone
CAS:
14440-56-3
MF:
C12H18O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-Deoxy-L-ribose-anilide
CAS:
104578-89-4
MF:
C11H15NO3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-Nitrophenyl6-O-trityl-b-D-galactopyranoside
CAS:
114102-89-5
MF:
C31H29NO8
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4-Methylumbelliferylb-D-galactopyranoside-6-sulphatesodiumsalt
CAS:
206443-06-3
MF:
C16H17NaO11S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4-AMINOPHENYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-ALPHA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE HYDROCHLORIDE
CAS:
210049-16-4
MF:
C14H21ClN2O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Ethyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-acetyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-a-D- thioglucopyranoside
CAS:
49810-41-5
MF:
C16H25NO8S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
5-O-Trityl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-ribofuranose
CAS:
55726-19-7
MF:
C27H28O5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-benzoyl-D-mannopyranose
CAS:
627466-98-2
MF:
C34H28O10
Structure:
Chemical Name:
3,4,6-Tri-O-acetyl-b-D-mannopyranose1,2-(methylorthoacetate)
CAS:
4435-05-6
MF:
C15H22O10
Structure:
Chemical Name:
L-QUEBRACHITOL
CAS:
642-38-6
MF:
C7H14O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
METHYL-2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-SS-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
2771-48-4
MF:
C15H23NO9
Structure:
Chemical Name:
D-IDOSE
CAS:
5978-95-0
MF:
C6H12O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
D-RIBULOSE
CAS:
488-84-6
MF:
C5H10O5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1-(2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)uracil
CAS:
69123-94-0
MF:
C9H11FN2O5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
ACETOBROMO-ALPHA-D-XYLOSE
CAS:
3068-31-3
MF:
C11H15BrO7
Structure:
Chemical Name:
8-HYDROXYQUINOLINE-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
113079-84-8
MF:
C15H17NO6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
6-BROMO-2-NAPHTHYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
25696-57-5
MF:
C16H17BrO6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
TETRAACETYLRIBOFURANOSE
CAS:
28708-32-9
MF:
C13H18O9
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1,6-ANHYDRO-3,4-O-ISOPROPYLIDENE-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSE
CAS:
52579-97-2
MF:
C9H14O5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
L-GALACTONO-1,4-LACTONE
CAS:
1668-08-2
MF:
C6H10O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
ALPHA-D-GLUCOSE 1,6-DIPHOSPHATE POTASSIUM SALT: HYDRATE
CAS:
91183-87-8
MF:
C6H12K4O13P2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1,2:5,6-DI-O-ISOPROPYLIDENE-ALPHA-D-RIBO-3-HEXOFURANOSE-3-ULOSE MONOHYDRATE
CAS:
10578-85-5
MF:
C12H20O7
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-NAPHTHYL-ALPHA-L-FUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
63503-05-9
MF:
C16H18O5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4-AMINOPHENYL-BETA-L-FUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
69936-58-9
MF:
C12H17NO5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
OCTYL-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
54549-23-4
MF:
C14H28O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
ALLYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
54400-77-0
MF:
C11H19NO6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4-NITROPHENYL-BETA-D-GLUCURONIC ACID, SODIUM SALT
CAS:
89772-41-8
MF:
C12H14NNaO9
Structure:
Chemical Name:
ALPHA-D-GLUCOSE-1-PHOSPHATE DISODIUM SALT TETRAHYDRATE
CAS:
150399-99-8
MF:
C6H19Na2O13P
Structure:
Chemical Name:
P-NITROPHENYL 1-THIO-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
1230-27-9
MF:
C12H15NO7S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
FDG
CAS:
17817-20-8
MF:
C32H32O15
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1-OXODODECYL-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
60415-67-0
MF:
C18H34O7
Structure:
Chemical Name:
TETRACYCLINE 10-O-B-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
319426-63-6
MF:
C28H34N2O13
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1,3:4,6-DI-O-BENZYLIDENE-D-MANNITOL
CAS:
28224-73-9
MF:
C20H22O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
DI-BETA-D-XYLOPYRANOSYLAMINE
CAS:
62983-70-4
MF:
C10H19NO8
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4,6-O-BENZYLIDENE-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE
CAS:
30688-66-5
MF:
C13H16O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2 3 4 6-TETRA-O-BENZYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYR&
CAS:
74808-09-6
MF:
C36H36Cl3NO6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
TRANS-3'-HYDROXYCOTININE-O-B-D-GLUCURONIDE
CAS:
132929-88-5
MF:
C16H20N2O8
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4-NITROPHENYL-BETA-D-FUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
1154-94-5
MF:
C12H15NO7
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1-BROMO-2,3,4,6-TETRA-ACETYL-BETA-D-GALACTOSIDE
CAS:
19285-38-2
MF:
C14H19BrO9
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2'-METHYLPHENYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
263746-45-8
MF:
C15H21NO6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1-DEOXY-1-NITRO-D-IDITOL HEMIHYDRATE
CAS:
96613-89-7
MF:
C6H13NO7
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1,2,3,4,6-PENTA-O-ACETYL-ALPHA-D-MANNOPYRANOSE
CAS:
4163-65-9
MF:
C16H22O11
Structure:
Chemical Name:
(2'-METHOXYCARBONYL) PHENYL-2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
6835-61-6
MF:
C22H27NO11
Structure:
Chemical Name:
TERT-AMYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
262849-66-1
MF:
C13H25NO6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-1-AZIDO-1-DEOXY-ALPHA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSYL CYANIDE
CAS:
168567-90-6
MF:
C15H19N4O8
Structure:
Chemical Name:
NONYL-2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
173725-28-5
MF:
C17H33NO6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
TETRADECYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
173725-25-2
MF:
C28H49NO9
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2,3,4-Tri-O-benzoyl-L-fucopyranose
CAS:
485821-70-3
MF:
C27H24O8
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYL ISOTHIOCYANATE
CAS:
20590-45-8
MF:
C15H20N2O8S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
BENZYL 4,6-O-BENZYLIDENE-ALPHA-D-MANNOPYRANOSIDE
CAS:
40983-94-6
MF:
C20H22O6