dye
Dyes refer to the organic substances enable the strong coloring of fiber and some other materials. There are various kinds of dyes. According to the source, they can be divided into natural dyes (such as vegetable dyes, animal dyes and mineral dyes, etc.) and synthetic dyes (or artificial dyes). According to the molecular structure, it can be divided into azo dyes, anthraquinone dyes, phthalocyanine dyes, aromatic dyes and nitro dyes. Based on the application methods, it can be divided into acid dyes, basic dyes, sulfur dyes, reactive dyes, disperse dyes, direct dyes and so on. Dyes have color, but substance having color does not necessarily belong to dyes. Dye must have a chromophore and auxochrome group. Dye contained in the ink should also have water-soluble group such as sulfonic acid group.
Natural dyes are dyes obtained from animals, plants and minerals. According to sources they can be divided into:
1 Plant dyes; dyes extracted from the roots, stems, leaves and fruit of some plants such as indigo extracted from the leaves of indigo (blue); curcumin extracted from turmeric (yellow); alizarin extracted from madder (red) and so on;
2 Animal dyes; dyes extracted from animal body such as carmine extracted from cochineal, etc;
3 Mineral dyes; dyes extracted from the colored inorganic substance of mineral such as chrome yellow, ultramarine blue, brown and other manganese. Owing to its various disadvantages compared with artificial dyes such as incomplete chromatography, application inconvenience and poor fastness, most natural dyes have been eliminated except for a few still in use.
Synthetic dyes, also known as "artificial dyes." is mainly made through the chemical processing of coal tar (or oil processing) fractionation products (such as benzene, naphthalene, anthracene and carbazole, etc.), sometimes are also known as coal tar dyes. Since the earliest several synthetic dyes all took aniline as raw material, it is also known as "aniline dyes." Compared with the natural dyes, synthetic dyes have various kinds with complete chromatography and most of them being colorful, washable and being able to be produced in large scale. Thus, almost all of the current so-called dye refers to synthetic dyes with its dyeing products being one of the common samples of Forensic evidence.
There are two ways for classifications of dyes:
The first type is the basic chemical taxonomy based on the chromophore. According to this, dyes can be classified into azo dyes, sulfur dyes, anthraquinone dyes, indigo dyes, heterocyclic dyes and phthalocyanine dyes, 10 categories in total.
The second type is based on the property of the dye to the fiber or coloring properties. Based on this, the dyes can be divided into acid dyes, neutral dyes, azoic dyes, basic dyes, cationic dyes, direct dyes, reactive dyes, sulfur dyes, vat dyes and other dyes, 14 categories in total.
There are various kinds of dyes of different properties and wide range of applications. However, dyes used as physical evidence are largely fixed in textile fibers or paper, or as a kind of organizational component of ink, printing ink and pen oil. Usually after extraction, it can subject to comparison testing using micro-chemical method, thin layer chromatography, liquid chromatography, UV - visible absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy.
The international development of dye was very rapid in 1970s while people have mainly focused on develop new varieties and improve quality since 1990s with the annual output being maintained at the level of 100 million tons.
Chinese dyes got rapid development in 1980s with the main focus being improving the quality after 1990 as well. The production output still maintain a certain growth rate with annual output being around 300,000 t. In 2000, the output is 315 600 t. Dyes used for textile dyeing account about 85% with the rest being used for the coloring of leather, plastic, paper and paint.
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- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Violet 12
- CAS:
- 2429-75-6
- MF:
- C32H25N6NaO8S2
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Brown R-M
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Red 28
- Chemical Name:
- C.I.Basic Yellow 96
- Chemical Name:
- Cationic Red B
- MF:
- C25H29Cl2N3
- Chemical Name:
- CATIONIC DYES
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- [1,3,8,10-tetrahydro-1,3,8,10-tetraoxoanthra[2,1,9-def:6,5,10-d'e'f']diisoquinoline-2,9-diyl]di-m-phenylene bis(thiocyanate)
- CAS:
- 67923-45-9
- MF:
- C38H16N4O4S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Black 168
- CAS:
- 85631-88-5
- MF:
- C34H28N9NaO11S3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Violet 49
- CAS:
- 205057-15-4
- MF:
- C27H14N4NiO4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Black 210
- CAS:
- 99576-15-5
- MF:
- C34H28KN11O11S3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Green 28
- CAS:
- 28198-05-2
- MF:
- C34H34N2O4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- SOLVENT GREEN 1
- CAS:
- 510-13-4
- MF:
- C23H26N2O
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Acid brown 97
- CAS:
- 108347-99-5
- MF:
- C18H12CuN6NaO10S*
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- acid red 54
- CAS:
- 6360-03-8
- MF:
- C16H14N3NaO7S2
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Green B
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Blue 148
- CAS:
- 61968-29-4
- MF:
- C19H19N5O4S
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Black 9
- CAS:
- 1328-25-2
- MF:
- C126H58O10N4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Green 8
- CAS:
- 14999-97-4
- MF:
- C70H28N4O10
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Blue 14
- CAS:
- 1324-27-2
- MF:
- C29H14ClNO4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Yellow Se-Fl
- CAS:
- 5124-25-4
- MF:
- C18H15N3O4S
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Yellow 119
- CAS:
- 57308-41-5
- MF:
- C15H13N5O4
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Blue 284
- CAS:
- 71872-43-0
- MF:
- C17H19N5O6S
- Chemical Name:
- 3(or5)-[[4-[benzylmethylamino]phenyl]azo]-1,2(or1,4)-dimethyl-1H-1,2,4-triazolium bromide
- CAS:
- 89959-98-8
- MF:
- C18H21N6.Br
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 4-[(4-nitrophenyl)azo]benzene-1,3-diamine
- CAS:
- 25910-57-0
- MF:
- C12H11N5O2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Red 79
- CAS:
- 1937-34-4
- MF:
- C37H28N6Na4O17S4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 3-[[4-[(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)azo]phenyl]ethylamino]propiononitrile
- CAS:
- 40880-51-1
- MF:
- C17H16ClN5O2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 2-[[4-[(2-cyano-3-nitrophenyl)azo]-m-tolyl](2-acetoxyethyl)amino]ethyl acetate
- CAS:
- 66882-16-4
- MF:
- C22H23N5O6
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 3-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-2-[[1-methyl-2-(p-tolyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]azo]benzothiazolium chloride
- CAS:
- 12221-63-5
- MF:
- C26H24ClN5OS
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Red 97
- CAS:
- 81367-85-3
- MF:
- C17H16N6O5
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 2-[(2-cyanoethyl)[4-[(6-nitrobenzothiazol-2-yl)azo]phenyl]amino]ethyl acetate
- CAS:
- 68133-69-7
- MF:
- C20H18N6O4S
- Chemical Name:
- 10 SULPHUR BROWN 10
- Chemical Name:
- Agar neutral red
- Chemical Name:
- 3-｛4-hydroxy-3-[N-γ-(2,4-ditertamylphenoxy)-n-butylamino]formyl｝naphthyl-β-mercaptopropionic acid
- MF:
- C34H45O5NS
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Violet 57
- CAS:
- 61968-60-3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- DIRECT YELLOW 117
- CAS:
- 12217-74-2
- MF:
- C30H25N6NaO11S3
- Chemical Name:
- DISPERSE ORANGE 45
- CAS:
- 12223-27-7
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Blue 5R
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Brown 3G
- Chemical Name:
- C.I. Direct Yellow 44 (29000)
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Blue 56
- CAS:
- 12217-79-7
- MF:
- C14H9BrN2O4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- REMASTRAL BLUE FFRL
- CAS:
- 1324-58-9
- MF:
- C34H19Cl2N4Na3O11S3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Orange 76
- CAS:
- 13301-61-6
- MF:
- C17H15Cl2N5O2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- REACTIVE BLUE 5
- CAS:
- 16823-51-1
- MF:
- C29H20ClN7O11S3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- DISPERSE YELLOW 49
- CAS:
- 54824-37-2
- MF:
- C21H22N4O2
- Chemical Name:
- DIRECT DYES
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Orange 45
- CAS:
- 13011-62-6
- MF:
- C32H25CoN8O10
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 4'-Chloro-3-hydroxy-2'-methyl-2-naphthanilide
- CAS:
- 92-76-2
- MF:
- C18H14ClNO2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Orange 3
- CAS:
- 4378-61-4
- MF:
- C22H8Br2O2
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Blue 221
- CAS:
- 12219-32-8
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Orange 116
- CAS:
- 12220-10-9
- MF:
- C25H21N4NaO4S
- Chemical Name:
- Reactive Yellow 18
- CAS:
- 12226-48-1
- MF:
- C25H16ClN9O13S4.4Na
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Blue 64
- CAS:
- 15935-52-1
- MF:
- C44H26N6O7
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Black 8
- CAS:
- 2278-50-4
- MF:
- C45H19N3O4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Black 25
- CAS:
- 4395-53-3
- MF:
- C45H22N2O5
- Chemical Name:
- Catonic Black L
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Black 3G
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Black PNR
- Chemical Name:
- Sulphur Yellow G
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Yellow GL
- Chemical Name:
- Yellow 39009.
- MF:
- C16H19N3
- Chemical Name:
- Flavine 10GFF
- Chemical Name:
- C.I.Acid Black 77
- Chemical Name:
- Alkaline Peptone Water
- Chemical Name:
- DIRECT GREEN 1
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Violet RB
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Violet R
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Fruit Green
- Chemical Name:
- Sulphur Lemon Yellow
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Violet 4BS
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Brown B
- MF:
- C30H20N4O4
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Complex Green B
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Black ECY
- Chemical Name:
- C.I.Acid Blue 185
- Chemical Name:
- C.I.Mordant Green 17
- Chemical Name:
- C.I.Direct Black 168
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Black 8GB
- MF:
- C22H14O9N6Na2S2
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Red 45
- MF:
- C24H15N3Na2O7S3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Reactive Yellow 3
- CAS:
- 6539-67-9
- MF:
- C21H17ClN8O7S2
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Red 277
- CAS:
- 70294-19-8
- MF:
- C23H19N5O
- Chemical Name:
- Reactive Blue 222
- CAS:
- 93051-44-6
- MF:
- C37H23ClN10O22S7.6Na
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Basic Violet 11:1
- CAS:
- 73398-89-7
- MF:
- C29H33Cl4N2O3Zn-
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- disodium 3,3'-[cyclohexylidenebis[(2-methoxy-4,1-phenylene)azo]]bis(4,6-dihydroxynaphthalene-2-sulphonate)
- CAS:
- 6459-69-4
- MF:
- C40H34N4Na2O12S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 3-[[2-(acetyloxy)ethyl][4-[(4-nitrophenyl)azo]phenyl]amino]propiononitrile
- CAS:
- 68391-42-4
- MF:
- C19H19N5O4
- Chemical Name:
- REACTIVE DYES
- Chemical Name:
- DISPERSE NAVY BLUE EXSF 300% & BLUE 56 100%
- Chemical Name:
- 195 RED 195 150%
- Chemical Name:
- 18 BASIC RED 18
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Green 54
- CAS:
- 61724-26-3
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Brown 97
- CAS:
- 61901-18-6
- Chemical Name:
- Reactive Black 31
- CAS:
- 12731-63-4
- MF:
- C29H20N6O17S4.4Na
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Yellow 232
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Green DB
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Mordant Orange R
- MF:
- C13H9N3O5
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Green BG
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Blue 183
- CAS:
- 2309-94-6
- MF:
- C20H21BrN6O3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Red 111
- CAS:
- 6358-57-2
- MF:
- C37H31N4NaO10S3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Yellow 16
- CAS:
- 4314-14-1
- MF:
- C16H14N4O
- Chemical Name:
- Alkaline Agar
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Blue 97
- CAS:
- 32724-62-2
- MF:
- C36H38N2O2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- BASIC YELLOW 28
- CAS:
- 54060-92-3
- MF:
- C21H27N3O5S