dye
Dyes refer to the organic substances enable the strong coloring of fiber and some other materials. There are various kinds of dyes. According to the source, they can be divided into natural dyes (such as vegetable dyes, animal dyes and mineral dyes, etc.) and synthetic dyes (or artificial dyes). According to the molecular structure, it can be divided into azo dyes, anthraquinone dyes, phthalocyanine dyes, aromatic dyes and nitro dyes. Based on the application methods, it can be divided into acid dyes, basic dyes, sulfur dyes, reactive dyes, disperse dyes, direct dyes and so on. Dyes have color, but substance having color does not necessarily belong to dyes. Dye must have a chromophore and auxochrome group. Dye contained in the ink should also have water-soluble group such as sulfonic acid group.
Natural dyes are dyes obtained from animals, plants and minerals. According to sources they can be divided into:
1 Plant dyes; dyes extracted from the roots, stems, leaves and fruit of some plants such as indigo extracted from the leaves of indigo (blue); curcumin extracted from turmeric (yellow); alizarin extracted from madder (red) and so on;
2 Animal dyes; dyes extracted from animal body such as carmine extracted from cochineal, etc;
3 Mineral dyes; dyes extracted from the colored inorganic substance of mineral such as chrome yellow, ultramarine blue, brown and other manganese. Owing to its various disadvantages compared with artificial dyes such as incomplete chromatography, application inconvenience and poor fastness, most natural dyes have been eliminated except for a few still in use.
Synthetic dyes, also known as "artificial dyes." is mainly made through the chemical processing of coal tar (or oil processing) fractionation products (such as benzene, naphthalene, anthracene and carbazole, etc.), sometimes are also known as coal tar dyes. Since the earliest several synthetic dyes all took aniline as raw material, it is also known as "aniline dyes." Compared with the natural dyes, synthetic dyes have various kinds with complete chromatography and most of them being colorful, washable and being able to be produced in large scale. Thus, almost all of the current so-called dye refers to synthetic dyes with its dyeing products being one of the common samples of Forensic evidence.
There are two ways for classifications of dyes:
The first type is the basic chemical taxonomy based on the chromophore. According to this, dyes can be classified into azo dyes, sulfur dyes, anthraquinone dyes, indigo dyes, heterocyclic dyes and phthalocyanine dyes, 10 categories in total.
The second type is based on the property of the dye to the fiber or coloring properties. Based on this, the dyes can be divided into acid dyes, neutral dyes, azoic dyes, basic dyes, cationic dyes, direct dyes, reactive dyes, sulfur dyes, vat dyes and other dyes, 14 categories in total.
There are various kinds of dyes of different properties and wide range of applications. However, dyes used as physical evidence are largely fixed in textile fibers or paper, or as a kind of organizational component of ink, printing ink and pen oil. Usually after extraction, it can subject to comparison testing using micro-chemical method, thin layer chromatography, liquid chromatography, UV - visible absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy.
The international development of dye was very rapid in 1970s while people have mainly focused on develop new varieties and improve quality since 1990s with the annual output being maintained at the level of 100 million tons.
Chinese dyes got rapid development in 1980s with the main focus being improving the quality after 1990 as well. The production output still maintain a certain growth rate with annual output being around 300,000 t. In 2000, the output is 315 600 t. Dyes used for textile dyeing account about 85% with the rest being used for the coloring of leather, plastic, paper and paint.
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- Chemical Name:
- STILBENE YELLOW
- CAS:
- 1325-37-7
- MF:
- C16H10N2Na2O7S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- ACID BLUE 158
- MF:
- C20H12N2Na2O8S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- FAST RED SALT ITR
- CAS:
- 27580-14-9
- MF:
- C11H16ClN3O3S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Pigment Red 195
- CAS:
- 4203-77-4
- MF:
- C32H22N4O2
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Violet 109
- CAS:
- 12220-63-2
- Chemical Name:
- ACID BROWN 422
- CAS:
- 126851-39-6
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Orange 288
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Violet B
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Red FBL
- Chemical Name:
- Catonic Orange G
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Blue 102
- CAS:
- 15403-56-2
- MF:
- C18H18N2O2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Brown 5
- CAS:
- 3989-75-1
- MF:
- C24H12O2S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Brown 53
- CAS:
- 64696-98-6
- MF:
- C18H10N4NiO2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Red 30
- CAS:
- 6226-87-5
- MF:
- C34H39N5O7S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- disodium 4-[[2,4-dihydroxy-3-[(4-sulphonatophenyl)azo]phenyl]azo]naphthalene-1-sulphonate
- CAS:
- 5850-15-7
- MF:
- C22H14N4Na2O8S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- sodium 5-[(2-hydroxynaphthyl)azo]naphthalenesulphonate
- CAS:
- 5850-93-1
- MF:
- C20H13N2NaO4S
- Chemical Name:
- 2,5-Cyclohexadien-1-one, 4-[[4-(phenylamino)phenyl]imino]-, reaction products with sodium sulfide (Na2(Sx))
- CAS:
- 1327-59-9
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- sodium 3-[[4-(benzoylethylamino)-2-methylphenyl]azo]-4-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulphonate
- CAS:
- 6245-59-6
- MF:
- C26H24N3NaO5S
- Chemical Name:
- SOLVENT BLUE 48
- CAS:
- 61711-30-6
- Chemical Name:
- C.I.Vat Red 15
- Chemical Name:
- Sulphur Blue CV
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Red 343
- CAS:
- 99035-78-6
- MF:
- C20H22N6O2S
- Chemical Name:
- C.I.Direct Green 1
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 2-METHYL-4-NITROBENZENEDIAZONIUM TETRAFLUOROBORATE
- CAS:
- 455-90-3
- MF:
- C7H6BF4N3O2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- SOLVENT YELLOW 93
- CAS:
- 190086-12-5
- MF:
- C21H18N4O2
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Blue 93
- CAS:
- 12235-95-9
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Red 151
- CAS:
- 114013-41-1
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Basic Blue 54
- CAS:
- 15000-59-6
- MF:
- C18H22N4O5S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- sodium 4-hydroxy-5-[(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)azo]-6-(phenylamino)naphthalene-2-sulphonate
- CAS:
- 6222-55-5
- MF:
- C23H17N4NaO7S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- sodium 6-amino-4-hydroxy-5-[[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]azo]naphthalene-2-sulphonate
- CAS:
- 67786-14-5
- MF:
- C17H13F3N3NaO4S
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Orange 86
- CAS:
- 12220-07-4
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Orange 127
- CAS:
- 12269-96-4
- MF:
- C24H19N4NaO4S
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Red 83:1
- CAS:
- 90880-77-6
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Red 33
- CAS:
- 61813-61-4
- Chemical Name:
- C.I.Disperse Yellow 71
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Yellow RXL
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 1-(2,4,6-Trichlorophenyl)-3-[3-(2,4-di-tert-pentylphenoxy)acetamidobenzamido]-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)azo-2-pyrazolin-5-one
- CAS:
- 55664-78-3
- MF:
- C41H43Cl3N6O5
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Blue 6
- CAS:
- 130-20-1
- MF:
- C28H12Cl2N2O4
- Chemical Name:
- Neutral Black Brl
- CAS:
- 12219-14-6
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Blue 8
- CAS:
- 12262-49-6
- MF:
- C16H18ClN3S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Yellow 15
- CAS:
- 15876-56-9
- MF:
- C52H81N7O9S2
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Brown 365
- CAS:
- 63641-88-3
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Brown 191
- CAS:
- 61724-16-1
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Orange 47
- CAS:
- 12236-03-2
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Red 221
- CAS:
- 64426-35-3
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Red 146
- CAS:
- 59763-30-3
- MF:
- C21H15NO5
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Yellow 56
- CAS:
- 54077-16-6
- MF:
- C21H15N5O2
- Chemical Name:
- SOLVENT RED 122:1
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Violet R
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Dark Brown NM
- CAS:
- 220308-48-5
- MF:
- C30H23N6NaO8S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- DisperseYellow39
- CAS:
- 12236-29-2
- MF:
- C17H16N2O
- Chemical Name:
- C.I.Acid Brown 37
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Red BLS
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- methyl 1-methyl-4-[(methylphenylhydrazono)methyl]pyridinium sulphate
- CAS:
- 68259-00-7
- MF:
- C15H19N3O4S
- Chemical Name:
- Sulfur Brilliant Green
- Chemical Name:
- Sulfur Green (Mixed)
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Grass Yellow GB
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Brown V press cake
- Chemical Name:
- Neutral Green GK
- Chemical Name:
- Solubilised Sulphur Black
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Scarlet 4BE
- Chemical Name:
- Basic Scarlet G
- Chemical Name:
- Black X-FBL
- Chemical Name:
- Week Acid Dyes
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Bordeaux BE
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Blue 3G
- Chemical Name:
- C.I.Acid Yellow 23
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Rubine B
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Violet 48
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Blue D
- Chemical Name:
- Bentonite,calcium base
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Brown SS
- Chemical Name:
- C.I.Solvent Orange 54
- Chemical Name:
- C.I.Direct Black 173
- Chemical Name:
- Cationic starch
- Chemical Name:
- Neutral Black 2BL
- Chemical Name:
- C.I. Solvent Yellow 89
- CAS:
- 61969-51-5
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- ACID YELLOW 99
- CAS:
- 10343-58-5
- MF:
- C16H11CrN4NaO9S
- Chemical Name:
- Litmuspaperneutral
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- NAPHTHOL AS-LT
- CAS:
- 3689-20-1
- MF:
- C19H17NO3
- Chemical Name:
- Fast red KL base
- CAS:
- 12216-86-3
- MF:
- C8H10N2O2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 2,4,5,8-TETRAMETHYLQUINOLINE
- CAS:
- 39581-63-0
- MF:
- C13H15N
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- FAST ORANGE GC SALT
- CAS:
- 17333-84-5
- MF:
- C6H4ClN2+
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Blue 59
- CAS:
- 6994-46-3
- MF:
- C18H18N2O2
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Violet 48
- CAS:
- 12220-51-8
- MF:
- C37H38N2Na2O9S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- REACTIVE RED 120
- CAS:
- 61951-82-4
- MF:
- C44H30Cl2N14O20S6
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Blue 36
- CAS:
- 14233-37-5
- MF:
- C20H22N2O2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- REACTIVE BLACK 5
- CAS:
- 17095-24-8
- MF:
- C26H26N5NaO19S6
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Azoic Diazo Component 34
- CAS:
- 16047-24-8
- MF:
- C7H6N3O2+
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- BASIC BLUE 41 (C.I. 11105)
- CAS:
- 12270-13-2
- MF:
- C20H26N4O6S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- ACID ORANGE 63
- CAS:
- 15792-50-4
- MF:
- C35H26N6Na2O10S3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Orange 25
- CAS:
- 31482-56-1
- MF:
- C17H17N5O2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Red 153
- CAS:
- 78564-87-1
- MF:
- C18H15Cl2N5S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Orange 16
- CAS:
- 10142-57-1
- MF:
- C29H13NO5
- Chemical Name:
- Sulphur Brown 5
- CAS:
- 1327-00-0
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Grey D
- CAS:
- 2945-96-2
- MF:
- C24H23N6NaO5S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Red 8
- CAS:
- 33270-70-1
- MF:
- C32H23CrN10O8
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- BASIC RED 46
- CAS:
- 12221-69-1
- MF:
- C18H21BrN6
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Red 9
- CAS:
- 61724-94-5
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Violet 96