dye
Dyes refer to the organic substances enable the strong coloring of fiber and some other materials. There are various kinds of dyes. According to the source, they can be divided into natural dyes (such as vegetable dyes, animal dyes and mineral dyes, etc.) and synthetic dyes (or artificial dyes). According to the molecular structure, it can be divided into azo dyes, anthraquinone dyes, phthalocyanine dyes, aromatic dyes and nitro dyes. Based on the application methods, it can be divided into acid dyes, basic dyes, sulfur dyes, reactive dyes, disperse dyes, direct dyes and so on. Dyes have color, but substance having color does not necessarily belong to dyes. Dye must have a chromophore and auxochrome group. Dye contained in the ink should also have water-soluble group such as sulfonic acid group.
Natural dyes are dyes obtained from animals, plants and minerals. According to sources they can be divided into:
1 Plant dyes; dyes extracted from the roots, stems, leaves and fruit of some plants such as indigo extracted from the leaves of indigo (blue); curcumin extracted from turmeric (yellow); alizarin extracted from madder (red) and so on;
2 Animal dyes; dyes extracted from animal body such as carmine extracted from cochineal, etc;
3 Mineral dyes; dyes extracted from the colored inorganic substance of mineral such as chrome yellow, ultramarine blue, brown and other manganese. Owing to its various disadvantages compared with artificial dyes such as incomplete chromatography, application inconvenience and poor fastness, most natural dyes have been eliminated except for a few still in use.
Synthetic dyes, also known as "artificial dyes." is mainly made through the chemical processing of coal tar (or oil processing) fractionation products (such as benzene, naphthalene, anthracene and carbazole, etc.), sometimes are also known as coal tar dyes. Since the earliest several synthetic dyes all took aniline as raw material, it is also known as "aniline dyes." Compared with the natural dyes, synthetic dyes have various kinds with complete chromatography and most of them being colorful, washable and being able to be produced in large scale. Thus, almost all of the current so-called dye refers to synthetic dyes with its dyeing products being one of the common samples of Forensic evidence.
There are two ways for classifications of dyes:
The first type is the basic chemical taxonomy based on the chromophore. According to this, dyes can be classified into azo dyes, sulfur dyes, anthraquinone dyes, indigo dyes, heterocyclic dyes and phthalocyanine dyes, 10 categories in total.
The second type is based on the property of the dye to the fiber or coloring properties. Based on this, the dyes can be divided into acid dyes, neutral dyes, azoic dyes, basic dyes, cationic dyes, direct dyes, reactive dyes, sulfur dyes, vat dyes and other dyes, 14 categories in total.
There are various kinds of dyes of different properties and wide range of applications. However, dyes used as physical evidence are largely fixed in textile fibers or paper, or as a kind of organizational component of ink, printing ink and pen oil. Usually after extraction, it can subject to comparison testing using micro-chemical method, thin layer chromatography, liquid chromatography, UV - visible absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy.
The international development of dye was very rapid in 1970s while people have mainly focused on develop new varieties and improve quality since 1990s with the annual output being maintained at the level of 100 million tons.
Chinese dyes got rapid development in 1980s with the main focus being improving the quality after 1990 as well. The production output still maintain a certain growth rate with annual output being around 300,000 t. In 2000, the output is 315 600 t. Dyes used for textile dyeing account about 85% with the rest being used for the coloring of leather, plastic, paper and paint.
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- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- disodium 3,3'-[cyclohexylidenebis[(2-methoxy-4,1-phenylene)azo]]bis(4,6-dihydroxynaphthalene-2-sulphonate)
- CAS:
- 6459-69-4
- MF:
- C40H34N4Na2O12S2
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Green 54
- CAS:
- 61724-26-3
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Brown 97
- CAS:
- 61901-18-6
- Chemical Name:
- Reactive Black 31
- CAS:
- 12731-63-4
- MF:
- C29H20N6O17S4.4Na
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Yellow 232
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 3-[[2-(acetyloxy)ethyl][4-[(4-nitrophenyl)azo]phenyl]amino]propiononitrile
- CAS:
- 68391-42-4
- MF:
- C19H19N5O4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Yellow 24
- CAS:
- 6486-29-9
- MF:
- C17H16N2O3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Reactive Blue 49
- CAS:
- 12236-92-9
- MF:
- C32H23ClN7O11S3.3Na
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- DISPERSE BLUE 26
- CAS:
- 3860-63-7
- MF:
- C16H14N2O4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Brown 3
- CAS:
- 131-92-0
- MF:
- C42H23N3O6
- Chemical Name:
- SULPHUR BLACK
- Chemical Name:
- CALCOCHROME FAST RED ECB
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Red 60
- CAS:
- 17418-58-5
- MF:
- C20H13NO4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Yellow 18
- CAS:
- 6407-80-3
- MF:
- C15H11N3O2
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Brown 57
- CAS:
- 12227-28-0
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Orange 11
- CAS:
- 2172-33-0
- MF:
- C42H18N2O6
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Violet 33
- CAS:
- 12236-25-8
- MF:
- C18H19N5O4
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Green 11
- CAS:
- 1328-41-2
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Black 107
- CAS:
- 12218-96-1
- MF:
- [C38H22N7O12S.Cr.2Na];[C36H19N6O11S.Cr.2Na]
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Blue BGL
- CAS:
- 12222-78-5
- MF:
- C20H14N2O5
- Chemical Name:
- Reactive Violet 8
- CAS:
- 12226-40-3
- MF:
- C20H12Cl2N6O8S2.2Na
- Chemical Name:
- Reactive Blue 14
- CAS:
- 12236-85-0
- Chemical Name:
- Sulphur Brown 1
- CAS:
- 1326-37-0
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Green 4
- CAS:
- 25424-72-0
- MF:
- C30H15FeN3NaO15S3(-2)
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Orange 29
- CAS:
- 61902-11-2
- MF:
- C19H15N5O4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Violet 9
- CAS:
- 6227-14-1
- MF:
- C30H23N5Na2O8S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- sodium 2-[3-(4-sulfonato-o-tolyliminio)-6-o-toluidino-3H-xanthen-9-yl]benzoate
- CAS:
- 6252-78-4
- MF:
- C20H10O2S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Reactive Orange 1
- CAS:
- 6522-74-3
- MF:
- C19H12Cl2N6O7S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Violet 66
- CAS:
- 6798-03-4
- MF:
- C32H19Cu2N7NaO14S4-
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Reactive Violet 2
- CAS:
- 8063-57-8
- MF:
- C44H21Cl2Cu2N13Na2O23S6(-5)
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 1-[(4-nitrophenyl)azo]naphthalen-2-amine
- CAS:
- 3025-77-2
- MF:
- C16H12N4O2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 7,7'-[(4,6-dihydroxy-m-phenylene)diazo]bis(naphthalene-1,3-disulphonic) acid, compound with N,N'-di(o-tolyl)guanidine (1:4)
- CAS:
- 72208-28-7
- MF:
- C41H35N7O14S4
- Chemical Name:
- 2 VAT ORANGE 2
- Chemical Name:
- SULPHUR YELLOW GC 250%
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Blue 94
- CAS:
- 123515-19-5
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Red 65
- CAS:
- 12223-38-0
- MF:
- C18H18ClN5O2
- Chemical Name:
- ACID BROWN 189
- CAS:
- 61724-15-0
- Chemical Name:
- ACID RED 252
- CAS:
- 61724-40-1
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Scarlet Red
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Brown LG
- Chemical Name:
- C.I. Disperse Blue B press cake
- Chemical Name:
- Sulphur Red Brown
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Blue HL
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Navy Blue RE
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Red 2GH
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Black JW
- Chemical Name:
- C.I.Acid Blue 25
- Chemical Name:
- Leather retanning agent
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Yellow Brown
- Chemical Name:
- Softening agent for leather
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Red 17
- Chemical Name:
- Sulphur Blue 2RN
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Blue BS
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Benzoic acid, 5-4-4-4-(4-amino-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxo-3-sulfo-1-anthracenyl)amino-2-sulfophenylamino-6-(phenylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylaminophenylazo-2-hydroxy-, trisodium salt
- CAS:
- 6471-09-6
- MF:
- C42H27N10O11S2.3Na
- Chemical Name:
- Reactive Yellow X-RG
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Black 242
- CAS:
- 152521-11-4
- MF:
- C34H28N11NaO11S3
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Red KL
- MF:
- C32H24O8N10Cr
- Chemical Name:
- NEUTRAL ORANGE S-R
- Chemical Name:
- Leather Black SB
- Chemical Name:
- Neutral Black B
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Acid yellow 17
- CAS:
- 642-62-6
- MF:
- C16H9N4Na3O9S2
- Chemical Name:
- Navitan Green 5GL
- CAS:
- 12219-98-6
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Pigment Red 190
- CAS:
- 6424-77-7
- MF:
- C38H22N2O6
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Orange 63
- CAS:
- 16294-75-0
- MF:
- C23H12OS
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 2-Hydroxy-N-(4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-11H-benzo[a]carbazole-3-carboxamide
- CAS:
- 5840-22-2
- MF:
- C25H20N2O3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Brown 1
- CAS:
- 2475-33-4
- MF:
- C42H18N2O6
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- C.I. 564100
- CAS:
- 6925-69-5
- MF:
- C18H10N2O
- Chemical Name:
- PROCION YELLOW H-E3G
- CAS:
- 59112-78-6
- MF:
- C52H34Cl2N18O20S6.6Na
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- C.I. 60752
- CAS:
- 72363-26-9
- MF:
- C25H24N2O7S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Red 197
- CAS:
- 52372-39-1
- MF:
- C23H19N5O
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Violet 13
- CAS:
- 4424-87-7
- MF:
- C28H14N2O4
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Blue 183
- CAS:
- 12217-22-0
- Chemical Name:
- Catonic Yellow X-8GL
- CAS:
- 12217-50-4
- MF:
- C20H23ON2Cl
- Chemical Name:
- Reactive Blue 198
- CAS:
- 124448-55-1
- MF:
- C41H30Cl4N14O14S4.4Na
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Orange 4
- CAS:
- 1324-33-0
- MF:
- C30H11Br3O2
- Chemical Name:
- Sulphur Red 10
- CAS:
- 1326-96-1
- Chemical Name:
- Sulphur Blue 10
- CAS:
- 1327-62-4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Blue 6, Solubilized
- CAS:
- 2519-28-0
- MF:
- C28H17Cl2N2NaO16S4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Red 31
- CAS:
- 5001-72-9
- MF:
- C32H21N5Na2O8S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Yellow 21
- CAS:
- 5601-29-6
- MF:
- C34H25CrN8O6
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Tracid Red 2bs
- CAS:
- 57741-47-6
- MF:
- C17H12ClF3N3NaO4S
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Yellow 63
- CAS:
- 61116-27-6
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Orange 33
- CAS:
- 6507-77-3
- MF:
- C34H31N4NaO8S2
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Brown 19
- CAS:
- 71872-49-6
- MF:
- C20H20Cl2N4O6
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Brown 22
- CAS:
- 8005-30-9
- MF:
- C26H10Cl2N4O2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- tetrasodium [mu-[[7,7'-(carbonyldiimino)bis[4-hydroxy-3-[(2-hydroxy-5-sulphophenyl)azo]naphthalene-2-sulphonato]](8-)]]dicuprate(4-)
- CAS:
- 15418-16-3
- MF:
- C33H16Cu2N6NaO17S4(-3)
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 2-[ethyl[3-methyl-4-[(5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)azo]phenyl]amino]ethanol
- CAS:
- 68516-81-4
- MF:
- C14H17N5O3S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- disodium 5-(4-(4-sulphophenylazo)phenylazo)salicylate
- CAS:
- 3564-27-0
- MF:
- C19H12N4Na2O6S
- Chemical Name:
- 25 DISPERSE ORANGE-25
- Chemical Name:
- DISPERSE NAVY BLUE EXSF 300%
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Pink 3B
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Yellow 104
- CAS:
- 12270-42-7
- MF:
- C20H15IN4O2
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Brown 223
- CAS:
- 76930-14-8
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Orange 94
- CAS:
- 61724-28-5
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Brown 116
- CAS:
- 61724-81-0
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Yellow 96
- CAS:
- 61725-08-4
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Black 243
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Yellow 126
- CAS:
- 61968-70-5
- MF:
- C21H24N4O6
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Yellow 184
- CAS:
- 71838-87-4
- Chemical Name:
- ACID BROWN 420