dye
Dyes refer to the organic substances enable the strong coloring of fiber and some other materials. There are various kinds of dyes. According to the source, they can be divided into natural dyes (such as vegetable dyes, animal dyes and mineral dyes, etc.) and synthetic dyes (or artificial dyes). According to the molecular structure, it can be divided into azo dyes, anthraquinone dyes, phthalocyanine dyes, aromatic dyes and nitro dyes. Based on the application methods, it can be divided into acid dyes, basic dyes, sulfur dyes, reactive dyes, disperse dyes, direct dyes and so on. Dyes have color, but substance having color does not necessarily belong to dyes. Dye must have a chromophore and auxochrome group. Dye contained in the ink should also have water-soluble group such as sulfonic acid group.
Natural dyes are dyes obtained from animals, plants and minerals. According to sources they can be divided into:
1 Plant dyes; dyes extracted from the roots, stems, leaves and fruit of some plants such as indigo extracted from the leaves of indigo (blue); curcumin extracted from turmeric (yellow); alizarin extracted from madder (red) and so on;
2 Animal dyes; dyes extracted from animal body such as carmine extracted from cochineal, etc;
3 Mineral dyes; dyes extracted from the colored inorganic substance of mineral such as chrome yellow, ultramarine blue, brown and other manganese. Owing to its various disadvantages compared with artificial dyes such as incomplete chromatography, application inconvenience and poor fastness, most natural dyes have been eliminated except for a few still in use.
Synthetic dyes, also known as "artificial dyes." is mainly made through the chemical processing of coal tar (or oil processing) fractionation products (such as benzene, naphthalene, anthracene and carbazole, etc.), sometimes are also known as coal tar dyes. Since the earliest several synthetic dyes all took aniline as raw material, it is also known as "aniline dyes." Compared with the natural dyes, synthetic dyes have various kinds with complete chromatography and most of them being colorful, washable and being able to be produced in large scale. Thus, almost all of the current so-called dye refers to synthetic dyes with its dyeing products being one of the common samples of Forensic evidence.
There are two ways for classifications of dyes:
The first type is the basic chemical taxonomy based on the chromophore. According to this, dyes can be classified into azo dyes, sulfur dyes, anthraquinone dyes, indigo dyes, heterocyclic dyes and phthalocyanine dyes, 10 categories in total.
The second type is based on the property of the dye to the fiber or coloring properties. Based on this, the dyes can be divided into acid dyes, neutral dyes, azoic dyes, basic dyes, cationic dyes, direct dyes, reactive dyes, sulfur dyes, vat dyes and other dyes, 14 categories in total.
There are various kinds of dyes of different properties and wide range of applications. However, dyes used as physical evidence are largely fixed in textile fibers or paper, or as a kind of organizational component of ink, printing ink and pen oil. Usually after extraction, it can subject to comparison testing using micro-chemical method, thin layer chromatography, liquid chromatography, UV - visible absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy.
The international development of dye was very rapid in 1970s while people have mainly focused on develop new varieties and improve quality since 1990s with the annual output being maintained at the level of 100 million tons.
Chinese dyes got rapid development in 1980s with the main focus being improving the quality after 1990 as well. The production output still maintain a certain growth rate with annual output being around 300,000 t. In 2000, the output is 315 600 t. Dyes used for textile dyeing account about 85% with the rest being used for the coloring of leather, plastic, paper and paint.
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- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- disodium 2-[[1-(2-chloro-5-sulphonatophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]azo]naphthalene-1-sulphonate
- CAS:
- 6359-95-1
- MF:
- C20H13ClN4Na2O7S2
- Chemical Name:
- 27 VAT BLACK 27
- Chemical Name:
- 90 ACID VIOLET 90
- Chemical Name:
- 28 BASIC YELLOW 28
- CAS:
- 74504-47-5
- Chemical Name:
- 2-｛N- [γ-(2,4-ditertamylphenoxy )butylamido]formyl｝-1-naphthol
- MF:
- C31H41O3N
- Chemical Name:
- Fast black B salt
- MF:
- C12H13N3.0.5H2SO4
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Orange RF
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 5-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)azo]-1,2-dihydro-6-hydroxy-1,4-dimethyl-2-oxonicotinonitrile
- CAS:
- 83249-52-9
- MF:
- C14H10Cl2N4O2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- tetrasodium 2-[[4-[[4-[[1-hydroxy-6-(phenylamino)-3-sulphonato-2-naphthyl]azo]-7-sulphonato-1-naphthyl]azo]-1-naphthyl]azo]benzene-1,4-disulphonate
- CAS:
- 6428-58-6
- MF:
- C42H25N7Na4O13S4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 2,2'-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyl)bis[1-aminoanthraquinone]
- CAS:
- 52591-25-0
- MF:
- C30H16N4O5
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Black 241
- CAS:
- 84170-03-6
- MF:
- C28H23N10NaO9S2
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Blue BGL
- CAS:
- 88264-80-6
- MF:
- C22H16N3O6S.Na
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 1,4-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)amino]anthraquinone
- CAS:
- 29887-08-9
- MF:
- C30H42N2O2
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Brown 14
- CAS:
- 8005-79-6
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Rubine S-2GFL
- CAS:
- 61968-52-3
- MF:
- C24H26IN5O7
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Yellow 12 (C.I.)
- CAS:
- 6370-75-8
- MF:
- C44H26N4O8
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Reactive Turquoise Blue Kn-G
- CAS:
- 12236-86-1
- MF:
- C40H25CuN9O14S5
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Blue 87
- CAS:
- 12222-85-4
- MF:
- C20H18N4O4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Red 82
- CAS:
- 30124-94-8
- MF:
- C21H21N5O6
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Orange 30
- CAS:
- 12223-23-3
- MF:
- C19H17Cl2N5O4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- REACTIVE GREEN 19
- CAS:
- 61931-49-5
- MF:
- C40H23Cl2N15Na6O19S6
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- THRENE BRILLIANT VIOLET 3B
- CAS:
- 1324-17-0
- MF:
- C34H15BrO2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- VAT BLACK 27
- CAS:
- 2379-81-9
- MF:
- C42H23N3O6
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- DIBENZANTHRONE
- CAS:
- 116-71-2
- MF:
- C34H16O2
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Blue 257
- CAS:
- 84931-03-3
- MF:
- C21H23BrN6O5
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Yellow 3G
- CAS:
- 12223-86-8
- MF:
- C18H10BrNO3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Reactive Yellow 4
- CAS:
- 12226-45-8
- MF:
- C20H15Cl2N6NaO6S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Green 3
- CAS:
- 3271-76-9
- MF:
- C31H15NO3
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Red 135
- CAS:
- 58051-96-0
- MF:
- C27H27N5O7
- Chemical Name:
- C.I. Acid Black 194
- CAS:
- 61931-02-0
- MF:
- C20H12N3NaO7S
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Yellow 132
- CAS:
- 61968-26-1
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Blue 158
- CAS:
- 6370-08-7
- MF:
- C20H10CrN2NaO9S2-
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Blue 106
- CAS:
- 6527-70-4
- MF:
- C30H18Cl2N4O8S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Reactive Red 24
- CAS:
- 70210-20-7
- MF:
- C26H21ClN7NaO10S3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Reactive Red 180
- CAS:
- 72828-03-6
- MF:
- C19H23N5O3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- sodium [3-[[3-[(3-amino-4-nitrophenyl)azo]-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl]azo]-4-hydroxybenzenesulphonato(3-)]cuprate(1-)
- CAS:
- 13011-68-2
- MF:
- C18H11CuN6NaO8S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- disodium 2-[[1-(2,5-dichloro-4-sulphonatophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]azo]naphthalene-1-sulphonate
- CAS:
- 12220-64-3
- MF:
- C20H12Cl2N4Na2O7S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- [2-[[4-[(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)azo]phenyl]ethylamino]ethyl]trimethylammonium
- CAS:
- 14097-03-1
- MF:
- C19H25ClN5O2+
- Chemical Name:
- 1 VAT VIOLET 1
- Chemical Name:
- 4 BASIC GREEN 4
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Red 164
- CAS:
- 71819-51-7
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Red 227
- CAS:
- 12222-51-4
- MF:
- C60H46N16O22S6.6Na
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Red 243
- CAS:
- 86543-85-3
- MF:
- C38H32N10O17S4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Red 50
- CAS:
- 12223-35-7
- MF:
- C17H16ClN5O2
- Chemical Name:
- BASIC RED 18:1
- CAS:
- 12271-12-4
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Black 3BL
- Chemical Name:
- Sulfur Blue FBL
- Chemical Name:
- C.I. Disperse Blue E press cake
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- BismarkbrownG
- CAS:
- 8005-77-4
- MF:
- C18H18N8
- Chemical Name:
- REACTIVE YELLOW 86
- CAS:
- 61951-86-8
- MF:
- C18H14Cl2N8Na2O9S2
- Chemical Name:
- Acidic sanding agent
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Yellow Brown MD
- Chemical Name:
- C.I.Acid Blue 350
- Chemical Name:
- Leather Spray Black 3
- Chemical Name:
- BASIC BLUE 4
- CAS:
- 55840-82-9
- MF:
- C20H26N3O.ZnCl3
- Chemical Name:
- DIRECT BLUE 202
- CAS:
- 107043-92-5
- Chemical Name:
- SOLVENT ORANGE 23
- CAS:
- 61813-91-0
- Chemical Name:
- Catonic Black XL
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Black KSL
- Chemical Name:
- Sulfur Dark Brown GN
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Green GN
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Orange 2R
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Brown HRL
- Chemical Name:
- C.I. Solvent Yellow 90
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Black GL
- Chemical Name:
- Basic Orange Piece
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Red FBB
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Violet 2RB
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Fast Turquoise Blue
- Chemical Name:
- C.I.Acid Yellow 110
- Chemical Name:
- Leather Spray Yellow G
- Chemical Name:
- C.I.Solvent Orange 54
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Red Brown RN
- MF:
- C38H28N12O12S4.4Na
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Red BL
- MF:
- C32H24O8N10Cr
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 3-Pyridinecarbonitrile, 1,2-dihydro-6-hydroxy-4-methyl-1-3-(1-methylethoxy)propyl-2-oxo-5-4-(phenylazo)phenylazo-
- CAS:
- 85136-74-9
- MF:
- C25H26N6O3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Blue 79
- CAS:
- 12239-34-8
- MF:
- C24H27BrN6O10
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- N-(2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-2-naphthamide
- CAS:
- 92-73-9
- MF:
- C19H17NO4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- MALACHITE GREEN OXALATE
- CAS:
- 13425-25-7
- MF:
- C52H54N4O12
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- DIRECT BLACK 22
- CAS:
- 6473-13-8
- MF:
- C44H32N13Na3O11S3
- Chemical Name:
- Sulphur Blue 11
- CAS:
- 1326-98-3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Blue 78
- CAS:
- 2503-73-3
- MF:
- C42H25N7Na4O13S4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Red 42
- CAS:
- 2987-68-0
- MF:
- C28H18N2O4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Brown 25
- CAS:
- 6247-46-7
- MF:
- C43H25N3O7
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Basic Yellow 21
- CAS:
- 6359-50-8
- MF:
- C22H25ClN2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Green 26
- CAS:
- 6388-26-7
- MF:
- C50H33N12Na5O18S4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Blue 63
- CAS:
- 6408-50-0
- MF:
- C22H18N2O2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-[(3-nitrophenyl)azo]-2-quinolone
- CAS:
- 6439-53-8
- MF:
- C16H12N4O4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- disodium 2,5-dichloro-4-[4-[[5-[(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]-2-sulphonatophenyl]azo]-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzenesulphonate
- CAS:
- 5089-16-7
- MF:
- C19H13Cl4N8NaO7S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- hydrogen [4-[[4-(diethylamino)phenyl][4-[ethyl[(3-sulphonatobenzyl)amino]-o-tolyl]methylene]-3-methylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene](ethyl)(3-sulphonatobenzyl)ammonium, sodium salt
- CAS:
- 6505-30-2
- MF:
- C43H49N3O6S2.Na
- Chemical Name:
- 167 RED 167
- MF:
- C20H22N6O2S;C22H26N6O2S
- Chemical Name:
- 2 VAT YELLOW2
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Golden Orange 3G
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Yellow 235
- CAS:
- 177570-98-8
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Black BSF
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Brown K
- Chemical Name:
- C.I.Direct Yellow 49
- Chemical Name:
- Basic Violet 11
- Chemical Name:
- Leather Spray Black GN
- Chemical Name:
- Navy Blue GR
- Chemical Name:
- C.I.Acid Brown 121