dye
Dyes refer to the organic substances enable the strong coloring of fiber and some other materials. There are various kinds of dyes. According to the source, they can be divided into natural dyes (such as vegetable dyes, animal dyes and mineral dyes, etc.) and synthetic dyes (or artificial dyes). According to the molecular structure, it can be divided into azo dyes, anthraquinone dyes, phthalocyanine dyes, aromatic dyes and nitro dyes. Based on the application methods, it can be divided into acid dyes, basic dyes, sulfur dyes, reactive dyes, disperse dyes, direct dyes and so on. Dyes have color, but substance having color does not necessarily belong to dyes. Dye must have a chromophore and auxochrome group. Dye contained in the ink should also have water-soluble group such as sulfonic acid group.
Natural dyes are dyes obtained from animals, plants and minerals. According to sources they can be divided into:
1 Plant dyes; dyes extracted from the roots, stems, leaves and fruit of some plants such as indigo extracted from the leaves of indigo (blue); curcumin extracted from turmeric (yellow); alizarin extracted from madder (red) and so on;
2 Animal dyes; dyes extracted from animal body such as carmine extracted from cochineal, etc;
3 Mineral dyes; dyes extracted from the colored inorganic substance of mineral such as chrome yellow, ultramarine blue, brown and other manganese. Owing to its various disadvantages compared with artificial dyes such as incomplete chromatography, application inconvenience and poor fastness, most natural dyes have been eliminated except for a few still in use.
Synthetic dyes, also known as "artificial dyes." is mainly made through the chemical processing of coal tar (or oil processing) fractionation products (such as benzene, naphthalene, anthracene and carbazole, etc.), sometimes are also known as coal tar dyes. Since the earliest several synthetic dyes all took aniline as raw material, it is also known as "aniline dyes." Compared with the natural dyes, synthetic dyes have various kinds with complete chromatography and most of them being colorful, washable and being able to be produced in large scale. Thus, almost all of the current so-called dye refers to synthetic dyes with its dyeing products being one of the common samples of Forensic evidence.
There are two ways for classifications of dyes:
The first type is the basic chemical taxonomy based on the chromophore. According to this, dyes can be classified into azo dyes, sulfur dyes, anthraquinone dyes, indigo dyes, heterocyclic dyes and phthalocyanine dyes, 10 categories in total.
The second type is based on the property of the dye to the fiber or coloring properties. Based on this, the dyes can be divided into acid dyes, neutral dyes, azoic dyes, basic dyes, cationic dyes, direct dyes, reactive dyes, sulfur dyes, vat dyes and other dyes, 14 categories in total.
There are various kinds of dyes of different properties and wide range of applications. However, dyes used as physical evidence are largely fixed in textile fibers or paper, or as a kind of organizational component of ink, printing ink and pen oil. Usually after extraction, it can subject to comparison testing using micro-chemical method, thin layer chromatography, liquid chromatography, UV - visible absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy.
The international development of dye was very rapid in 1970s while people have mainly focused on develop new varieties and improve quality since 1990s with the annual output being maintained at the level of 100 million tons.
Chinese dyes got rapid development in 1980s with the main focus being improving the quality after 1990 as well. The production output still maintain a certain growth rate with annual output being around 300,000 t. In 2000, the output is 315 600 t. Dyes used for textile dyeing account about 85% with the rest being used for the coloring of leather, plastic, paper and paint.
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- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- ACID RED 8
- CAS:
- 4787-93-3
- MF:
- C18H17N2NaO7S2
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Orange 3RL
- Chemical Name:
- Neutral Dark Yellow GL
- Chemical Name:
- Sulphur Dark Blue 3R
- Chemical Name:
- C.I.Direct Black 168
- Chemical Name:
- Levelling and dispersing agent
- Chemical Name:
- C.I. Solvent Yellow 25
- CAS:
- 37219-73-1
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- ACID BLUE 25
- CAS:
- 6408-78-2
- MF:
- C20H13N2NaO5S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Red 25
- CAS:
- 3176-79-2
- MF:
- C24H20N4O
- Chemical Name:
- Acid dyestuff levelling agent
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Brown 58
- CAS:
- 12269-87-3
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Brown 215
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Brown 161
- Chemical Name:
- Sulphur Black 2
- CAS:
- 1326-85-8
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Blue 277
- CAS:
- 25797-81-3
- MF:
- C24H24N3NaO8S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Yellow 127
- CAS:
- 73384-78-8
- MF:
- C26H20Cl2N9NaO4S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Orange 44
- CAS:
- 4058-30-4
- MF:
- C18H15ClN6O2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- disodium 4,4'-[methylenebis(4,1-phenyleneimino)]bis[1-amino-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-sulphonate]
- CAS:
- 25826-34-0
- MF:
- C41H29N4NaO10S2
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Blue 359
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Orange S
- CAS:
- 3626-36-6
- MF:
- C33H22N6Na2O9S2
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Black 38
- CAS:
- 12237-35-3
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Blue 43
- CAS:
- 1327-79-3
- MF:
- C18H12N2O
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 2-(3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-N-(4-chloro-3-((4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino)phenyl)myristamide
- CAS:
- 61354-99-2
- MF:
- C39H48Cl4N4O4
- Chemical Name:
- DISPERSE GREEN
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Brilliant Violet 2R
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Yellow 179
- CAS:
- 80748-21-6
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Red 226
- CAS:
- 12269-99-7
- MF:
- C32H22N10O8.Cr.Na
- Chemical Name:
- Basic Brown 1
- CAS:
- 8052-76-4
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Orange 171
- Chemical Name:
- ACID BLUE 82
- CAS:
- 12217-19-5
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Brown 3R
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- C.I. Disperse Blue A press cake
- CAS:
- 88102-88-9
- MF:
- C16H20N6O6S
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Red 111
- Chemical Name:
- Leather Black
- Chemical Name:
- C.I.Acid Brown 75
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- ACID BLACK 24
- CAS:
- 3071-73-6
- MF:
- C36H26N5NaO6S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- ACID YELLOW 14 (C.I. 18960)
- CAS:
- 6359-97-3
- MF:
- C16H13Cl2N4NaO4S
- Chemical Name:
- BASIC RED 15
- MF:
- C25H29Cl2N3
- Chemical Name:
- Basic Blue 53
- CAS:
- 11075-20-0
- MF:
- C17H17I3N4SZn
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Yellow 47
- CAS:
- 12227-04-2
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Orange 56
- CAS:
- 12227-68-8
- MF:
- C16H13N5O7S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- p,p',p''-tris(dimethylamino)tritylium m-[(p-anilinophenyl)azo]benzenesulphonate
- CAS:
- 65294-17-9
- MF:
- C43H44N6O3S
- Chemical Name:
- 9 BROWN 9
- Chemical Name:
- Sulphur Grass Green 715
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Brilliant Blue RL
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Blue 71
- CAS:
- 4399-55-7
- MF:
- C40H28N7NaO13S4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Pigment Red 179
- CAS:
- 5521-31-3
- MF:
- C26H14N2O4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- ACID BLACK 52
- CAS:
- 5610-64-0
- MF:
- C60H36Cr2N9Na3O21S3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- ACID BLACK 52
- CAS:
- 5610-64-0
- MF:
- C60H36Cr2N9Na3O21S3
- Chemical Name:
- SOLVENT ORANGE 3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Blue 72
- CAS:
- 12217-81-1
- MF:
- C21H15NO3
- Chemical Name:
- Basic Red 54
- CAS:
- 12270-28-9
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Red 213
- CAS:
- 12715-60-5
- MF:
- C16H13N3O4S
- Chemical Name:
- Basic Yellow 49
- CAS:
- 55777-80-5
- MF:
- C14H17ClN4O
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- ACID BLUE 41
- CAS:
- 2666-17-3
- MF:
- C23H20N3NaO6S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Green 1
- CAS:
- 128-58-5
- MF:
- C36H20O4
- Chemical Name:
- STILBENE YELLOW
- CAS:
- 1325-37-7
- MF:
- C16H10N2Na2O7S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- ACID BLUE 158
- MF:
- C20H12N2Na2O8S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 3-Hydroxy-4'-methoxy-2-naphthanilide
- CAS:
- 92-79-5
- MF:
- C18H15NO3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Red 23
- CAS:
- 3441-14-3
- MF:
- C35H28N7NaO10S2
- Chemical Name:
- PROCION BLUE H-5R
- CAS:
- 12236-84-9
- MF:
- C29H14ClN7O14S4.Cu.4Na
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Orange 7
- CAS:
- 4424-06-0
- MF:
- C26H12N4O2
- Chemical Name:
- Basic Blue 62
- CAS:
- 12221-36-2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Blue 74
- CAS:
- 128-86-9
- MF:
- C14H10N2O10S2
- Chemical Name:
- Sulphur Black 6
- CAS:
- 1327-16-8
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 2,2'-[(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis(azo)]bis[4-nonylphenol]
- CAS:
- 67990-27-6
- MF:
- C44H58N4O2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 2-(3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-N-(4-chloro-3-((4-((3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)azo)-4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino)phenyl)myristamide
- CAS:
- 65293-90-5
- MF:
- C47H56Cl4N6O6
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 3-[(2-hydroxyethyl)[4-[(4-nitrophenyl)azo]phenyl]amino]propiononitrile
- CAS:
- 6657-32-5
- MF:
- C17H17N5O3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- hydrogen bis[3-[(4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)azo]-4-hydroxybenzene-1-sulphonamidato(2-)]chromate(1-)
- CAS:
- 30112-70-0
- MF:
- C32H27CrN10O8S2
- Chemical Name:
- 4 VAT BLUE 4
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Blue 127:1
- MF:
- C41H26N4Na2O10S2
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Red 260
- CAS:
- 12239-07-5
- Chemical Name:
- Catonic Black O
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Violet S press cake
- CAS:
- 75575-40-5
- MF:
- C13H14ClN5O4S
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Blue FG
- Chemical Name:
- DIRECT BLACK 38
- CAS:
- 381937-37-7
- Chemical Name:
- C.I. SOLVENT BLACK 28)
- CAS:
- 12237-23-9
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Blue 9
- CAS:
- 2650-18-2
- MF:
- C37H39N3O9S3
- Chemical Name:
- DISPERSE BLUE 281
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- SIRIUS SUPRA RED VIOLET B
- CAS:
- 7198-99-4
- MF:
- C35H31N8NaO17S4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Blue 35
- CAS:
- 17354-14-2
- MF:
- C22H26N2O2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- DISPERSE RED 17
- CAS:
- 3179-89-3
- MF:
- C17H20N4O4
- Chemical Name:
- Basic Red 49
- CAS:
- 12270-23-4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Black 26
- CAS:
- 6262-07-3
- MF:
- C32H21N5O7S2.2Na
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent yellow 12
- CAS:
- 6370-43-0
- MF:
- C14H14N2O
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- disodium 3-[[4-[[4-amino-6(or 7)-sulphonatonaphthyl]azo]phenyl]azo]-6-[(2,4-diaminophenyl)azo]-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulphonate
- CAS:
- 8003-62-1
- MF:
- C32H23N9Na2O7S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- disodium 3-[[5-chloro-2-(phenylmethoxy)phenyl]azo]-4-hydroxy-5-[[(p-tolyl)sulphonyl]amino]naphthalene-2,7-disulphonate
- CAS:
- 6826-53-5
- MF:
- C30H22ClN3Na2O10S3
- Chemical Name:
- Polysulfurized 4-[(2,4-dinitrophenyl)amino]phenol
- CAS:
- 60569-85-9
- Chemical Name:
- B2R DIRECT BLUE B2R
- Chemical Name:
- disperse Navy Blue 6G
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Yellow 118
- CAS:
- 12270-05-2
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Brown 50
- CAS:
- 12269-86-2
- Chemical Name:
- SOLVENT RED 195
- CAS:
- 164251-88-1
- Chemical Name:
- Sulfur Grass Green
- Chemical Name:
- Sulfur Black 2BR
- Chemical Name:
- Sulphur Yellow Brown
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Dark Green NB
- MF:
- C36H22O13N9S2Na
- Chemical Name:
- C.I.Acid Yellow 151
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 5-CHLORO-2-METHOXYANILINE HYDROCHLORIDE
- CAS:
- 4274-03-7
- MF:
- C7H9Cl2NO
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- BISMARCK BROWN R
- CAS:
- 5421-66-9
- MF:
- C21H25ClN8