dye
Dyes refer to the organic substances enable the strong coloring of fiber and some other materials. There are various kinds of dyes. According to the source, they can be divided into natural dyes (such as vegetable dyes, animal dyes and mineral dyes, etc.) and synthetic dyes (or artificial dyes). According to the molecular structure, it can be divided into azo dyes, anthraquinone dyes, phthalocyanine dyes, aromatic dyes and nitro dyes. Based on the application methods, it can be divided into acid dyes, basic dyes, sulfur dyes, reactive dyes, disperse dyes, direct dyes and so on. Dyes have color, but substance having color does not necessarily belong to dyes. Dye must have a chromophore and auxochrome group. Dye contained in the ink should also have water-soluble group such as sulfonic acid group.
Natural dyes are dyes obtained from animals, plants and minerals. According to sources they can be divided into:
1 Plant dyes; dyes extracted from the roots, stems, leaves and fruit of some plants such as indigo extracted from the leaves of indigo (blue); curcumin extracted from turmeric (yellow); alizarin extracted from madder (red) and so on;
2 Animal dyes; dyes extracted from animal body such as carmine extracted from cochineal, etc;
3 Mineral dyes; dyes extracted from the colored inorganic substance of mineral such as chrome yellow, ultramarine blue, brown and other manganese. Owing to its various disadvantages compared with artificial dyes such as incomplete chromatography, application inconvenience and poor fastness, most natural dyes have been eliminated except for a few still in use.
Synthetic dyes, also known as "artificial dyes." is mainly made through the chemical processing of coal tar (or oil processing) fractionation products (such as benzene, naphthalene, anthracene and carbazole, etc.), sometimes are also known as coal tar dyes. Since the earliest several synthetic dyes all took aniline as raw material, it is also known as "aniline dyes." Compared with the natural dyes, synthetic dyes have various kinds with complete chromatography and most of them being colorful, washable and being able to be produced in large scale. Thus, almost all of the current so-called dye refers to synthetic dyes with its dyeing products being one of the common samples of Forensic evidence.
There are two ways for classifications of dyes:
The first type is the basic chemical taxonomy based on the chromophore. According to this, dyes can be classified into azo dyes, sulfur dyes, anthraquinone dyes, indigo dyes, heterocyclic dyes and phthalocyanine dyes, 10 categories in total.
The second type is based on the property of the dye to the fiber or coloring properties. Based on this, the dyes can be divided into acid dyes, neutral dyes, azoic dyes, basic dyes, cationic dyes, direct dyes, reactive dyes, sulfur dyes, vat dyes and other dyes, 14 categories in total.
There are various kinds of dyes of different properties and wide range of applications. However, dyes used as physical evidence are largely fixed in textile fibers or paper, or as a kind of organizational component of ink, printing ink and pen oil. Usually after extraction, it can subject to comparison testing using micro-chemical method, thin layer chromatography, liquid chromatography, UV - visible absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy.
The international development of dye was very rapid in 1970s while people have mainly focused on develop new varieties and improve quality since 1990s with the annual output being maintained at the level of 100 million tons.
Chinese dyes got rapid development in 1980s with the main focus being improving the quality after 1990 as well. The production output still maintain a certain growth rate with annual output being around 300,000 t. In 2000, the output is 315 600 t. Dyes used for textile dyeing account about 85% with the rest being used for the coloring of leather, plastic, paper and paint.
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- Chemical Name:
- Direct Red Brown RN
- MF:
- C37H28O12N12S4Na4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Orange 56
- CAS:
- 6470-20-8
- MF:
- C32H22N6Na2O8S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Red 154
- CAS:
- 6507-79-5
- MF:
- C40H34N4Na2O10S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Yellow 199
- CAS:
- 70865-20-2
- MF:
- C19H15N4NaO6S
- Chemical Name:
- DISPERSE BROWN
- Chemical Name:
- LEATHER DYESTUFF
- Chemical Name:
- 249 ACID RED 249
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Orange 89
- CAS:
- 12269-95-3
- MF:
- C32H22N10O8.Cr.Na
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Yellow 128
- CAS:
- 51053-43-1
- MF:
- C16H16N4O5S
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Brown 348
- CAS:
- 72827-72-6
- Chemical Name:
- C.I.Basic Blue 26
- Chemical Name:
- Sulphur Brown 10
- CAS:
- 1326-51-8
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Yellow 79
- CAS:
- 12236-36-1
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Toluidine bule
- CAS:
- 3209-30-1
- MF:
- C28H23N2NaO10S2
- Chemical Name:
- DISPERSE BLUE 359
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 3-Hydroxy-N-2-naphthyl-2-naphthamide
- CAS:
- 135-64-8
- MF:
- C21H15NO2
- Chemical Name:
- ACID BLACK NT
- Chemical Name:
- Benzenesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-5-nitro-, alk. cond. products, reaction products with formaldehyde
- CAS:
- 1325-38-8
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 3-Hydroxy-N-(3-nitrophenyl)-2-naphthalenecarboxamide
- CAS:
- 135-65-9
- MF:
- C17H12N2O4
- Chemical Name:
- Sulphur Blue 7
- CAS:
- 1327-57-7
- MF:
- C13H14N2O
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Basic Yellow 24
- CAS:
- 52435-14-0
- MF:
- C19H21N5O4S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Red 186
- CAS:
- 52677-44-8
- MF:
- C20H12CrN4NaO8S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Black 29
- CAS:
- 6049-19-0
- MF:
- C64H34N4O8
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Red 172
- CAS:
- 63512-13-0
- MF:
- C21H13Br2NO3
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Red 32
- CAS:
- 6406-53-7
- MF:
- C36H43N5O7S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Red 146
- CAS:
- 70956-30-8
- MF:
- C20H13NO4
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Grey BG
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Blue BC
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Grey BL
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Blue 3GR
- Chemical Name:
- C.I.Direct Brown 2
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Yellow 220
- CAS:
- 71603-79-7
- MF:
- C24H18IN4NaO7S
- Chemical Name:
- 2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, 5(or 8)-amino-8(or 5)-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)amino]-, reaction products with sodium sulfide (Na2(Sx))
- CAS:
- 1327-69-1
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Brown 440
- CAS:
- 93376-15-9
- MF:
- C34H25N8NaO14S3
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Grey N
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- CROCEIN SCARLET 7B
- CAS:
- 6226-76-2
- MF:
- C24H18N4Na2O7S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Red 1
- CAS:
- 2872-52-8
- MF:
- C16H18N4O3
- Chemical Name:
- SOLVENT RED 109
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 3-CHLOROANILINE HYDROCHLORIDE
- CAS:
- 141-85-5
- MF:
- C6H7Cl2N
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- N-(5-((4-(2,4-Bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenoxy)-1-oxobutyl)amino)-2-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-(4-((4-(phenylmethoxy)phenyl)sulphonyl)phenoxy)valeramide
- CAS:
- 30744-85-5
- MF:
- C52H61ClN2O8S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Blue 86
- CAS:
- 1330-38-7
- MF:
- C32H14CuN8Na2O6S2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 2-CHLOROANILINE HYDROCHLORIDE
- CAS:
- 137-04-2
- MF:
- C6H7Cl2N
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- SOLWAY BLUE RN
- CAS:
- 4403-89-8
- MF:
- C22H19N2NaO5S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- N-(2-Hydroxynaphthoyl)-2,4-dimethoxy-5-chloroanilide
- CAS:
- 92-72-8
- MF:
- C19H16ClNO4
- Chemical Name:
- VITAMIN FOLIC ACID ASSAY MEDIUM
- Chemical Name:
- ACID BLUE 185
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- DISPERSE RED 4
- CAS:
- 2379-90-0
- MF:
- C15H11NO4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Red 75 tetrasodium salt
- CAS:
- 2829-43-8
- MF:
- C33H27N8NaO15S4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Fast Red ITR
- CAS:
- 97-35-8
- MF:
- C11H18N2O3S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Red 57
- CAS:
- 12217-34-4
- MF:
- C24H22N4O6S2
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Brown 282
- CAS:
- 12219-65-7
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Brown 1
- CAS:
- 12236-00-9
- MF:
- C16H15Cl3N4O4
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Red 336
- CAS:
- 12239-11-1
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- tetrasodium 3,3'-[(1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)bis[imino(5-methoxy-2-methyl-4,1-phenylene)azo]]bis(naphthalene-1,5-disulphonate)
- CAS:
- 82944-42-1
- MF:
- C39H29N9Na4O15S4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- 2-[7-(diethylamino)-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-3-yl]-1,3-dimethyl-1H-benzimidazolium chloride
- CAS:
- 29556-33-0
- MF:
- C22H24ClN3O2
- Chemical Name:
- 214 ACID BROWN 214
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- FLUORESCENT YELLOW 3G
- MF:
- C36H45NO2S
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Blue 54
- CAS:
- 12217-77-5
- MF:
- C20H12N2O6
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Blue 42
- CAS:
- 1327-81-7
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Violet 14
- CAS:
- 67577-84-8
- MF:
- C28H22N2O2
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Orange 73
- CAS:
- 79300-11-1
- MF:
- C24H21N5O4
- Chemical Name:
- DISPERSE BLACK.
- Chemical Name:
- 2 BASIC ORANGE 2
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Blue BGA
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Yellow 142
- CAS:
- 71902-08-4
- MF:
- d"
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Brown 161
- CAS:
- 61724-13-8
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Green 73
- CAS:
- 12219-93-1
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Blue 168
- CAS:
- 12219-24-8
- MF:
- C20H15CuN5O5S
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Brown 163
- Chemical Name:
- C.I. Disperse Red 50
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Scarlet GG
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Yellow 2GL
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Mordant Orange G
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Brown 5
- CAS:
- 2653-72-7
- MF:
- C20H14N2O
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- ACID BLACK 48
- CAS:
- 1328-24-1
- MF:
- C28H18N3NaO7S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Naphthol AS-D
- CAS:
- 135-61-5
- MF:
- C18H15NO2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- ACID BLUE 40
- CAS:
- 6424-85-7
- MF:
- C22H16N3NaO6S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- ACID BLUE 40
- CAS:
- 6424-85-7
- MF:
- C22H16N3NaO6S
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Green 5
- CAS:
- 2744-50-5
- MF:
- C30H28O4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- N-(4-HYDROXYPHENYL)-2-NAPHTHYLAMINE, 97
- CAS:
- 93-45-8
- MF:
- C16H13NO
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- LIGNIN, ALKALI
- CAS:
- 8068-05-1
- MF:
- C30H25ClN6
- Chemical Name:
- Basic Yellow 87
- CAS:
- 116844-55-4
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Yellow 110
- CAS:
- 12220-74-5
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Blue 80
- CAS:
- 12222-00-3
- MF:
- C32H14Cu2N4NaO16S4(-3)
- Chemical Name:
- Sulphur Green 14
- CAS:
- 12227-06-4
- Chemical Name:
- Neutral Brown Rl
- CAS:
- 12238-94-7
- MF:
- C15H14O5
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Red 10
- CAS:
- 2379-79-5
- MF:
- C29H14N2O5
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Red 169
- CAS:
- 27354-18-3
- MF:
- C17H15NO2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Yellow 157
- CAS:
- 27908-75-4
- MF:
- C18H7Cl4NO2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Red 137
- CAS:
- 6222-63-5
- MF:
- C20H17N4NaO6S
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Violet 38
- CAS:
- 63512-14-1
- MF:
- C28H18Br4N2O2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Red 168
- CAS:
- 71832-19-4
- MF:
- C20H19NO2
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- disodium 6-amino-4-hydroxy-5-[(4-nitro-2-sulphonatophenyl)azo]naphthalene-2-sulphonate
- CAS:
- 6441-91-4
- MF:
- C16H10N4Na2O9S2
- Chemical Name:
- Vat Grey M
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Green 68
- CAS:
- 61901-32-4
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Yellow 107
- CAS:
- 61815-04-1
- MF:
- C23H38N7O17P3S
- Chemical Name:
- Direct Blue 297
- Chemical Name:
- Solvent Orange 99
- CAS:
- 110342-29-5
- Structure:
- Chemical Name:
- Disperse Orange 31
- CAS:
- 61968-38-5
- MF:
- C19H19N5O4
- Chemical Name:
- Acid Orange 154