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Analytical Chemistry

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Analytical chemistry is the subject for the method and basic principle of studying and identifying of the composition, status, structure of matter as well as determination of related content. It is an important branch of chemistry subject. Analytical chemistry plays an important role in not only its own development but also in various fields related to the chemistry. We can say that all the practice of any human activity involving chemical phenomena is inseparable from analytical chemistry. Now, people have developed various kinds of different analytical methods, which can be classified based on an analysis task, analysis object, the basis of the analysis, requirement of the analysis and sample dosage.

According to the analysis tasks, it can be divided into qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis and structural analysis. Task of qualitative analysis is to identify the elements, radicals, functional groups or compounds that constituting the substances; the task of the quantitative analysis is to determine the content of the related components in the sample; the task of structural analysis is to study the molecular structure or crystal structure of the material.

(1) According to the analysis objects, it can be divided into organic and inorganic analysis; the object for the inorganic analysis is inorganic substance; the object of organic analysis is organic substance. In the inorganic analysis, it is generally required to determine what elements, ions, radicals or compounds that constitutes the sample and measure the percentage of each component; and sometimes it is also necessary for determination of the crystal structure; in the organic analysis, it not only requires the identification of the constituent elements, but also, more importantly, should do the structure analysis and functional group analysis.
(2) According to whether the analysis is based on the physical properties or chemical properties of the substance, it can be divided into instrumental analysis and chemical analysis. Depending on the specific requirements, it can be divided into routine analysis, rapid analysis and arbitration Analysis. Routine analysis refers to the general daily laboratory production analysis, also known as conventional analysis; rapid analysis is a kind of routine analysis and is mainly applied to the control of the production process, demanding the report of the results in the shortest possible time with the error generally being allowed to be greater; arbitration analysis is needed when there is controversy in the analysis results from different institute, demanding related department to conduct accurate analysis using specific method in order to determine the accuracy of the results of the original analysis.
(3) According to the amount of the sample, it can be generally divided into constant (> 0.1g), semi-micro (0.01 ~ 0.1g) and trace (1 ~ 10mg) analysis.
(4) In the inorganic qualitative chemical analysis, people generally apply semi-micro method while people generally apply constant analysis in the quantitative chemical analysis. According to the relative amounts of the analyzed components contained in the sample, it is also roughly divided into constant component analysis (> 1%), minor component analysis (0.01 to 1%) and trace components analysis (<0.01%). For the analysis of some trace amount of components contained in some kinds of complicated mixture and some substances, it is necessary to perform separation and enrichment. This produces a series of separation techniques, such as extraction, distillation, ion exchange, chromatography, sedimentation and flotation separation, these chemical separation techniques are an integral part of the analysis.

Environmental Analytical Chemistry
Environmental Analytical Chemistry is briefly referred to environmental analysis. It is a kind of subject to study the types, components of pollutants in the environment as well as how to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis on the chemical contaminants in the environment. It is a branch of environmental chemistry.

Environmental analytical chemistry emerged, developed and improved during the process of solving environmental problems. In 1950s, the public nuisance disease occurred in Japan had alerted the whole world. In order to find the cause of public nuisance disease, after experiencing as long as 11 years, later, the chemists of environmental analysis had applied light spectrum and identified that the river in Itai-itai disease area contained harmful elements such as lead, cadmium, arsenic and so on. Further by means of tracking element analysis of the soil and food in the disease area, people had found high lead and cadmium content. Later, people had further conducted spectral quantitative analysis on the body and bone of the patients in the disease area and found that the bone ashes contained alarmingly high content of zinc, lead and cadmium. To determine the causative agent, people further incorporated zinc, lead and cadmium into the food for feeding animals and conduct trace elemental analysis for animals and confirmed the serious harm of cadmium on the bone, revealing the cause of the Itai-itai disease. The development of modern science, especially the development of modern chemistry, physics, mathematics, electronics, biology, as well as the emergence of accurate, reliable, sensitive, selective, rapid, simple environmental pollution analysis technology and automation equipment, has been resulting in the maturation of environmental analytical chemistry. Environmental analytical chemistry now has penetrated into all areas of the entire environmental science subject. It is the most effective means of access to environmental information quality.
The objects of the environmental analytical chemistry research are quite complicated, including air, water, soil, sediment, minerals, waste, animals, plants, food, and human tissue. The content of chemical elements or compound to be determined in the environmental analytic chemistry is very low, with the absolute content being within the level of 10-6 to 10-12 grams.


The analysis technology in the environmental analytical chemistry is developing towards the direction of continuous automation, computerization and joint combination of various methods and instruments. Currently applied automatic analysis methods include colorimetric analysis, ion selective electrode, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, polarography, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and flow injection analysis. Laser, as the light source of analytical chemistry technique, has also been applied. Since the laser analysis has properties of high resolution, high sensitivity, long-range and short-term, the laser technology will play a pivotal role in the development of environmental analytical chemistry.

With the deepened development of environmental science, environmental analytical chemistry is often demanded for trace levels and ultra-trace-level detection and analysis, therefore, high sensitivity. Thus study of analysis methods of high sensitivity, good selectivity, rapid trace and ultra trace will become the major development direction for environmental analysis in the near future.

Qualitative Analysis of Chemistry
Qualitative analytic chemistry is the subject to identify the chemical elements and atoms groups contained in the sample. It is a branch subject of the analysis chemistry. Its purpose is to ascertain the chemical composition of the research object (specimen).
The major research content of the qualitative analytic chemistry includes:

1 the tested samples were analyzed separately. Namely take part of the sample and use exclusive reaction to detect a desire detection component.
2 systematic analysis of the samples. This means successively apply a few selective reactions for gradual separation of the ions followed by separation of each group until separating to only one substance and finally apply confirming reaction to ascertain the existence of this substance. The most famous cation system analysis method is H2S system. In recent years, due to the use of advanced equipment, qualitative analysis has also rapidly developed together with multivariate analysis and has also become an important direction for analytical chemistry.

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Structure:
Chemical Name:
1-(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)indolin-2-one
CAS:
15362-40-0
MF:
C14H9Cl2NO
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Fosphenytoin sodium
CAS:
92134-98-0
MF:
C16H16N2NaO6P
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Oxipurinol
CAS:
2465-59-0
MF:
C5H4N4O2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
STREPTAVIDIN
CAS:
9013-20-1
MF:
C14H17BrClNO2S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
(S)-(+)-5-OXOTETRAHYDROFURAN-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID
CAS:
21461-84-7
MF:
C5H6O4
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4-Methylaminophenol sulfate
CAS:
55-55-0
MF:
C7H11NO5S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Pentachloroaniline
CAS:
527-20-8
MF:
C6H2Cl5N
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1,4-BIS(2-METHYLSTYRYL)BENZENE
CAS:
13280-61-0
MF:
C24H22
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Pyrene
CAS:
129-00-0
MF:
C16H10
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Pentamidine isethionate
CAS:
140-64-7
MF:
C23H36N4O10S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Closantel sodium
CAS:
61438-64-0
MF:
C22H15Cl2I2N2NaO2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Ufiprazole
CAS:
73590-85-9
MF:
C17H19N3O2S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Benzidine
CAS:
92-87-5
MF:
C12H12N2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Sodium Phosphate Monobasic Monohydrate
CAS:
10049-21-5
MF:
H4NaO5P
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Tiagabine hydrochloride
CAS:
145821-59-6
MF:
C20H26ClNO2S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
SAQUINAVIR MESYLATE
CAS:
149845-06-7
MF:
C39H54N6O8S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan
CAS:
10199-89-0
MF:
C6H2ClN3O3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Methyl 2,4-dichlorophenylacetate
CAS:
55954-23-9
MF:
C9H8Cl2O2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
GENITE
CAS:
97-16-5
MF:
C12H8Cl2O3S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Norandrostenedione
CAS:
734-32-7
MF:
C18H24O2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
(S)-(-)-1-Phenylethyl isocyanate
CAS:
14649-03-7
MF:
C9H9NO
Structure:
Chemical Name:
TRANS-1,2-DIAMINOCYCLOHEXANE-N,N,N',N'-TETRAACETIC ACID MONOHYDRATE
CAS:
125572-95-4
MF:
C14H24N2O9
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Fluorescein diacetate
CAS:
596-09-8
MF:
C24H16O7
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-(Aminomethyl)-1-ethylpyrrolidine
CAS:
26116-12-1
MF:
C7H16N2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4-Oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinooxy
CAS:
2896-70-0
MF:
C9H16NO2*
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4,4'-DIAMINO-3,3'-DIMETHYLDIPHENYLMETHANE
CAS:
838-88-0
MF:
C15H18N2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Closantel
CAS:
57808-65-8
MF:
C22H14Cl2I2N2O2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4-(2-PYRIDYLAZO)RESORCINOL MONOSODIUM SALT HYDRATE
CAS:
16593-81-0
MF:
C11H12N3NaO3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
AFLATOXIN B1
CAS:
1162-65-8
MF:
C17H12O6
Structure:
Chemical Name:
HEPES
CAS:
7365-45-9
MF:
C8H18N2O4S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Pramoxine hydrochloride
CAS:
637-58-1
MF:
C17H28ClNO3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
5-(4-DIMETHYLAMINOBENZYLIDENE)RHODANINE
CAS:
536-17-4
MF:
C12H12N2OS2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
TRIDODECYLAMINE
CAS:
102-87-4
MF:
C36H75N
Structure:
Chemical Name:
4-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinooxy
CAS:
2226-96-2
MF:
C9H18NO2*
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Water
CAS:
7732-18-5
MF:
H2O
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-Methylbutane
CAS:
78-78-4
MF:
C5H12
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Articaine hydrochloride
CAS:
23964-57-0
MF:
C13H20N2O3S.ClH
Structure:
Chemical Name:
7-Chloro-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
CAS:
86393-33-1
MF:
C13H9ClFNO3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
5-Hydroxytryptamine
CAS:
50-67-9
MF:
C10H12N2O
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Flutrimazole
CAS:
119006-77-8
MF:
C22H16F2N2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Hydroxocobalamin
CAS:
13422-51-0
MF:
C62H90ClCoN13O15P
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Chloramine-T trihydrate
CAS:
7080-50-4
MF:
C7H11ClNNaO3S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Pachymic acid
CAS:
29070-92-6
MF:
C33H52O5
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-(2-Methoxyphenoxy)ethylamine hydrochloride
CAS:
64464-07-9
MF:
C9H14ClNO2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-Methoxy-5-methylaniline
CAS:
120-71-8
MF:
C8H11NO
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione
CAS:
1162-56-7
MF:
C21H28O2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride
CAS:
6202-23-9
MF:
C20H22ClN
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-Aminobenzimidazole
CAS:
934-32-7
MF:
C7H7N3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Mefloquine hydrochloride
CAS:
51773-92-3
MF:
C17H17ClF6N2O
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Semicarbazide
CAS:
57-56-7
MF:
CH5N3O
Structure:
Chemical Name:
CYCLOSPORIN D
CAS:
63775-96-2
MF:
C63H113N11O12
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1-(4-Chlorobenzhydryl)piperazine
CAS:
303-26-4
MF:
C17H19ClN2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Sultamicillin tosilate
CAS:
83105-70-8
MF:
C32H38N4O12S3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
5-Nitro-2-furaldehyde diacetate
CAS:
92-55-7
MF:
C9H9NO7
Structure:
Chemical Name:
N-BOC-IMIDAZOLE
CAS:
49761-82-2
MF:
C8H12N2O2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-Methoxyethoxymethyl chloride
CAS:
3970-21-6
MF:
C4H9ClO2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Decahydronaphthalene
CAS:
91-17-8
MF:
C10H18
Structure:
Chemical Name:
α-Ketoglutaric acid disodium salt
CAS:
305-72-6
MF:
C5H6O5.2Na
Structure:
Chemical Name:
L-1-Phenylethylamine
CAS:
2627-86-3
MF:
C8H11N
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1,1-Dichloroethane
CAS:
75-34-3
MF:
C2H4Cl2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
NIOBIUM
CAS:
7440-03-1
MF:
Nb
Structure:
Chemical Name:
AMMONIUM CERIUM(IV) SULFATE
CAS:
7637-03-8
MF:
CeH5NO4S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Triamcinolone diacetate
CAS:
67-78-7
MF:
C25H31FO8
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1-ETHYL-7-CHLORO-6-FLUORO-1,4-DIHYDRO-4-OXOQUINOLINE-3-CARBOXYLIC ACID
CAS:
68077-26-9
MF:
C12H9ClFNO3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Sulcotrione
CAS:
99105-77-8
MF:
C14H13ClO5S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1-Aminohydantoin hydrochloride
CAS:
2827-56-7
MF:
C3H6ClN3O2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2,4-Dibromophenol
CAS:
615-58-7
MF:
C6H4Br2O
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-AMINO-3-CHLORO-1,4-NAPHTHOQUINONE
CAS:
2797-51-5
MF:
C10H6ClNO2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
3-Amino-1,2,4-Triazole
CAS:
61-82-5
MF:
C2H4N4
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol
CAS:
619-08-9
MF:
C6H4ClNO3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
1,4-bis-2(5-phenyloxazoyl)benzene
CAS:
1806-34-4
MF:
C24H16N2O2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Tiamulin
CAS:
55297-95-5
MF:
C28H47NO4S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
PHOSPHATE STANDARD
CAS:
14265-44-2
MF:
O4P-3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Potassium phthalate (2:1)
CAS:
29801-94-3
MF:
C8H5KO4
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Triclocarban
CAS:
101-20-2
MF:
C13H9Cl3N2O
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-Chloroadenine
CAS:
1839-18-5
MF:
C5H4ClN5
Chemical Name:
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
CAS:
100403-24-5
MF:
Null
Structure:
Chemical Name:
DIMETHYL POPOP
CAS:
3073-87-8
MF:
C26H20N2O2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Iminodibenzyl
CAS:
494-19-9
MF:
C14H13N
Structure:
Chemical Name:
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine dihydrochloride
CAS:
612-83-9
MF:
C12H11Cl3N2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
BUTYL OLEATE
CAS:
142-77-8
MF:
C22H42O2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Nitroxinil
CAS:
1689-89-0
MF:
C7H3IN2O3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2,4,6-TRIBROMOANISOLE
CAS:
607-99-8
MF:
C7H5Br3O
Structure:
Chemical Name:
(S)-1,2,4-Butanetriol
CAS:
42890-76-6
MF:
C4H10O3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
(R)-(+)-alpha-Methoxy-alpha-trifluoromethylphenylacetic acid
CAS:
20445-31-2
MF:
C10H9F3O3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Mirtazapine
CAS:
61337-67-5
MF:
C17H19N3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
PROXYPHYLLINE
CAS:
603-00-9
MF:
C10H14N4O3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Retigabine
CAS:
150812-12-7
MF:
C16H18FN3O2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)tetraacetic acid
CAS:
67-42-5
MF:
C14H24N2O10
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Zinkamalgam
CAS:
52374-36-4
MF:
Zn
Structure:
Chemical Name:
CHROMOTROPE 2B
CAS:
548-80-1
MF:
C16H12N3NaO10S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-Benzothiazolamine
CAS:
136-95-8
MF:
C7H6N2S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
2-Ethylhexyl salicylate
CAS:
118-60-5
MF:
C15H22O3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
NEOTHORIN
CAS:
3547-38-4
MF:
C16H11AsN2Na2O11S2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D2
CAS:
21343-40-8
MF:
C28H44O2
Chemical Name:
PALM OIL
CAS:
8002-75-3
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Metalaxyl-M
CAS:
70630-17-0
MF:
C15H21NO4
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Vardenafil dihydrochloride
CAS:
224789-15-5
MF:
C23H33ClN6O4S
Structure:
Chemical Name:
cis-11-Eicosenoic acid
CAS:
5561-99-9
MF:
C20H38O2
Structure:
Chemical Name:
Hydroxysafflor yellow A
CAS:
78281-02-4
MF:
C27H32O16